GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> utilities: Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

1.1 The Purpose of GNU gettext

1.2 I18n, L10n, and Such

1.3 Aspects in Native Language Support

1.4 Files Conveying Translations

1.5 Overview of GNU gettext

2. PO Files and PO Mode Basics

2.1 Completing GNU gettext Installation

2.2 The Format of PO Files

2.3 Main PO mode Commands

2.4 Entry Positioning

2.5 Normalizing Strings in Entries

3. Preparing Program Sources

3.1 Triggering gettext Operations

3.2 Preparing Translatable Strings

3.3 How Marks Appear in Sources

3.4 Marking Translatable Strings

3.5 Special Comments preceding Keywords

3.6 Special Cases of Translatable Strings

4. Making the PO Template File

4.1 Invoking the xgettext Program

4.1.1 Input file location

4.1.2 Output file location

4.1.3 Choice of input file language

4.1.4 Operation mode

4.1.5 Language=C/C++ specific options

4.1.6 Output details

4.1.7 Informative output

5. Creating a New PO File

5.1 Invoking the msginit Program

5.1.1 Input file location

5.1.2 Output file location

5.1.3 Output details

5.1.4 Informative output

5.2 Filling in the Header Entry

6. Updating Existing PO Files

6.1 Invoking the msgmerge Program

6.1.1 Input file location

6.1.2 Operation mode

6.1.3 Output file location

6.1.4 Output file location in update mode

6.1.5 Operation modifiers

6.1.6 Output details

6.1.7 Informative output

6.2 Translated Entries

6.3 Fuzzy Entries

6.4 Untranslated Entries

6.5 Obsolete Entries

6.6 Modifying Translations

6.7 Modifying Comments

6.8 Details of Sub Edition

6.9 C Sources Context

6.10 Consulting Auxiliary PO Files

6.11 Using Translation Compendia

6.11.1 Creating Compendia

6.11.1.1 Concatenate PO Files

6.11.1.2 Extract a Message Subset from a PO File

6.11.2 Using Compendia

6.11.2.1 Initialize a New Translation File

6.11.2.2 Update an Existing Translation File

7. Manipulating PO Files

7.1 Invoking the msgcat Program

7.1.1 Input file location

7.1.2 Output file location

7.1.3 Message selection

7.1.4 Output details

7.1.5 Informative output

7.2 Invoking the msgconv Program

7.2.1 Input file location

7.2.2 Output file location

7.2.3 Conversion target

7.2.4 Output details

7.2.5 Informative output

7.3 Invoking the msggrep Program

7.3.1 Input file location

7.3.2 Output file location

7.3.3 Message selection

7.3.4 Output details

7.3.5 Informative output

7.4 Invoking the msgfilter Program

7.4.1 Input file location

7.4.2 Output file location

7.4.3 The filter

7.4.4 Useful filter-options when the filter is `sed'

7.4.5 Output details

7.4.6 Informative output

7.5 Invoking the msguniq Program

7.5.1 Input file location

7.5.2 Output file location

7.5.3 Message selection

7.5.4 Output details

7.5.5 Informative output

7.6 Invoking the msgcomm Program

7.6.1 Input file location

7.6.2 Output file location

7.6.3 Message selection

7.6.4 Output details

7.6.5 Informative output

7.7 Invoking the msgcmp Program

7.7.1 Input file location

7.7.2 Operation modifiers

7.7.3 Informative output

7.8 Invoking the msgattrib Program

7.8.1 Input file location

7.8.2 Output file location

7.8.3 Message selection

7.8.4 Attribute manipulation

7.8.5 Output details

7.8.6 Informative output

7.9 Invoking the msgen Program

7.9.1 Input file location

7.9.2 Output file location

7.9.3 Output details

7.9.4 Informative output

7.10 Invoking the msgexec Program

7.10.1 Input file location

7.10.2 Informative output

8. Producing Binary MO Files

8.1 Invoking the msgfmt Program

8.1.1 Input file location

8.1.2 Operation mode

8.1.3 Output file location

8.1.4 Output file location in Java mode

8.1.5 Output file location in Tcl mode

8.1.6 Input file interpretation

8.1.7 Output details

8.1.8 Informative output

8.2 Invoking the msgunfmt Program

8.2.1 Operation mode

8.2.2 Input file location

8.2.3 Input file location in Java mode

8.2.4 Input file location in Tcl mode

8.2.5 Output file location

8.2.6 Output details

8.2.7 Informative output

8.3 The Format of GNU MO Files

9. The User's View

9.1 The Current `ABOUT-NLS' Matrix

9.2 Magic for Installers

9.3 Magic for End Users

10. The Programmer's View

10.1 About catgets

10.1.1 The Interface

10.1.2 Problems with the catgets Interface?!

10.2 About gettext

10.2.1 The Interface

10.2.2 Solving Ambiguities

10.2.3 Locating Message Catalog Files

10.2.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses

10.2.5 Additional functions for plural forms

10.2.6 How to use gettext in GUI programs

10.2.7 Optimization of the *gettext functions

10.3 Comparing the Two Interfaces

10.4 Using libintl.a in own programs

10.5 Being a gettext grok

10.6 Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter

10.6.1 Temporary - Two Possible Implementations

10.6.2 Temporary - About catgets

10.6.3 Temporary - Why a single implementation

10.6.4 Temporary - Notes

11. The Translator's View

11.4.1 Central Coordination

11.4.2 National Teams

11.4.2.1 Sub-Cultures

11.4.2.2 Organizational Ideas

11.4.3 Mailing Lists

11.5 Information Flow

12. The Maintainer's View

12.1 Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures

12.2 Prerequisite Works

12.3 Invoking the gettextize Program

12.4 Files You Must Create or Alter

12.4.1 `POTFILES.in' in `po/'

12.4.2 `LINGUAS' in `po/'

12.4.3 `Makefile' pieces in `po/'

12.4.4 `configure.in' at top level

12.4.5 `config.guess', `config.sub' at top level

12.4.6 `aclocal.m4' at top level

12.4.7 `acconfig.h' at top level

12.4.8 `Makefile.in' at top level

12.4.9 `Makefile.in' in `src/'

12.4.10 `gettext.h' in `lib/'

12.5 Autoconf macros for use in `configure.in'

12.5.1 AM_GNU_GETTEXT in `gettext.m4'

12.5.2 AM_ICONV in `iconv.m4'

13. Other Programming Languages

13.1 The Language Implementor's View

13.2 The Programmer's View

13.3 The Translator's View

13.4 The Maintainer's View

13.5 Individual Programming Languages

13.5.1 C, C++, Objective C

13.5.2 sh - Shell Script

13.5.3 bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script

13.5.4 Python

13.5.5 GNU clisp - Common Lisp

13.5.6 GNU clisp C sources

13.5.12 Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler

13.5.13 wxWindows library

13.5.14 YCP - YaST2 scripting language

13.5.15 Tcl - Tk's scripting language

13.5.16 Perl

13.5.17 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

13.5.18 Pike

13.6 Internationalizable Data

13.6.1 POT - Portable Object Template

13.6.2 Resource String Table

13.6.3 Glade - GNOME user interface description

14. Concluding Remarks

14.1 History of GNU gettext

14.2 Related Readings

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