The Project Gutenberg EBook of Leaves in the Wind, by A. G. Gardiner

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net


Title: Leaves in the Wind

Author: A. G. Gardiner

Release Date: October 26, 2011 [EBook #37858]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEAVES IN THE WIND ***




Produced by Al Haines










[Frontispiece: "There under some spreading oak or beech."]






THE WAYFARERS LIBRARY



LEAVES IN THE WIND


Alpha of the Plough

(A. G. Gardiner)



LONDON & TORONTO: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd.

NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.




TO

MY CHILDREN




PREFATORY NOTE

This collection of essays, now republished in the "Wayfarers' Library,"
were written during the war, and first appeared in book form during the
war.  Like the preceding volume, _Pebbles on the Shore_, they were the
literary diversions of a time of great public anxiety and heavy
personal tasks.  The writing of them was a happy distraction from
unhappy things, and now that the great wind has passed it is a pleasure
to find the leaves it blew down gathered between the companionable
covers of the "Wayfarer."  I leave them as they fell.




CONTENTS


  A Fellow Traveller
  On a Famous Sermon
  On Pockets and Things
  On a Country Platform
  On a Distant View of a Pig
  In Defence of Ignorance
  On a Shiny Night
  On Giving up Tobacco
  The Great God Gun
  On a Legend of the War
  On Talk and Talkers
  On a Vision of Eden
  On a Comic Genius
  On a Vanished Garden
  All About a Dog
  On the American Soldier
  'Appy 'Einrich
  On Fear
  On Being Called Thompson
  On Thinking for One's Self
  On Sawing Wood
  Variations on an Old Theme
  On Clothes
  The Duel that Failed
  On Early Rising
  On Being Known
  On a Map of the Oberland
  On a Talk in a Bus
  On Virtues that don't Count
  On Hate and the Soldier
  On Taking the Call
  A Dithyramb on a Dog
  On Happy Faces in the Strand
  On Word-Magic
  Odin Grown Old
  On a Smile in a Shaving Glass
  On the Rule of the Road
  On the Indifference of Nature
  If Jeremy Came Back
  On Sleep and Thought
  On Mowing




LEAVES IN THE WIND




A FELLOW TRAVELLER

I do not know which of us got into the carriage first.  Indeed I did
not know he was in the carriage at all for some time.  It was the last
train from London to a Midland town--a stopping train, an infinitely
leisurely train, one of those trains which give you an understanding of
eternity.  It was tolerably full when it started, but as we stopped at
the suburban stations the travellers alighted in ones and twos, and by
the time we had left the outer ring of London behind I was alone--or,
rather, I thought I was alone.

There is a pleasant sense of freedom about being alone in a carriage
that is jolting noisily through the night.  It is liberty and
unrestraint in a very agreeable form.  You can do anything you like.
You can talk to yourself as loud as you please and no one will hear
you.  You can have that argument out with Jones and roll him
triumphantly in the dust without fear of a counter-stroke.  You can
stand on your head and no one will see you.  You can sing, or dance a
two-step, or practise a golf stroke, or play marbles on the floor
without let or hindrance.  You can open the window or shut it without
provoking a protest.  You can open both windows or shut both.  Indeed,
you can go on opening them and shutting them as a sort of festival of
freedom.  You can have any corner you choose and try all of them in
turn.  You can lie at full length on the cushions and enjoy the luxury
of breaking the regulations and possibly the heart of D.O.R.A. herself.
Only D.O.R.A. will not know that her heart is broken.  You have escaped
even D.O.R.A.

On this night I did not do any of these things.  They did not happen to
occur to me.  What I did was much more ordinary.  When the last of my
fellow-passengers had gone I put down my paper, stretched my arms and
my legs, stood up and looked out of the window on the calm summer night
through which I was journeying, noting the pale reminiscence of day
that still lingered in the northern sky; crossed the carriage and
looked out of the other window; lit a cigarette, sat down and began to
read again.  It was then that I became aware of my fellow traveller.
He came and sat on my nose....  He was one of those wingy, nippy,
intrepid insects that we call, vaguely, mosquitoes.  I flicked him off
my nose, and he made a tour of the compartment, investigated its three
dimensions, visited each window, fluttered round the light, decided
that there was nothing so interesting as that large animal in the
corner, came and had a look at my neck.

I flicked him off again.  He skipped away, took another jaunt round the
compartment, returned, and seated himself impudently on the back of my
hand.  It is enough, I said; magnanimity has its limits.  Twice you
have been warned that I am someone in particular, that my august person
resents the tickling impertinences of strangers.  I assume the black
cap.  I condemn you to death.  Justice demands it, and the court awards
it.  The counts against you are many.  You are a vagrant; you are a
public nuisance; you are travelling without a ticket; you have no meat
coupon.  For these and many other misdemeanours you are about to die.
I struck a swift, lethal blow with my right hand.  He dodged the attack
with an insolent ease that humiliated me.  My personal vanity was
aroused.  I lunged at him with my hand, with my paper; I jumped on the
seat and pursued him round the lamp; I adopted tactics of feline
cunning, waiting till he had alighted, approaching with a horrible
stealthiness, striking with a sudden and terrible swiftness.

It was all in vain.  He played with me, openly and ostentatiously, like
a skilful matador finessing round an infuriated bull.  It was obvious
that he was enjoying himself, that it was for this that he had
disturbed my repose.  He wanted a little sport, and what sport like
being chased by this huge, lumbering windmill of a creature, who tasted
so good and seemed so helpless and so stupid?  I began to enter into
the spirit of the fellow.  He was no longer a mere insect.  He was
developing into a personality, an intelligence that challenged the
possession of this compartment with me on equal terms.  I felt my heart
warming towards him and the sense of superiority fading.  How could I
feel superior to a creature who was so manifestly my master in the only
competition in which we had ever engaged?  Why not be magnanimous
again?  Magnanimity and mercy were the noblest attributes of man.  In
the exercise of these high qualities I could recover my prestige.  At
present I was a ridiculous figure, a thing for laughter and derision.
By being merciful I could reassert the moral dignity of man and go back
to my corner with honour.  I withdraw the sentence of death, I said,
returning to my seat.  I cannot kill you, but I can reprieve you.  I do
it.

I took up my paper and he came and sat on it.  Foolish fellow, I said,
you have delivered yourself into my hands.  I have but to give this
respectable weekly organ of opinion a smack on both covers and you are
a corpse, neatly sandwiched between an article on "Peace Traps" and
another on "The Modesty of Mr. Hughes."  But I shall not do it.  I have
reprieved you, and I will satisfy you that when this large animal says
a thing he means it.  Moreover, I no longer desire to kill you.
Through knowing you better I have come to feel--shall I say?--a sort of
affection for you.  I fancy that St. Francis would have called you
"little brother."  I cannot go so far as that in Christian charity and
civility.  But I recognise a more distant relationship.  Fortune has
made us fellow travellers on this summer night.  I have interested you
and you have entertained me.  The obligation is mutual and it is
founded on the fundamental fact that we are fellow mortals.  The
miracle of life is ours in common and its mystery too.  I suppose you
don't know anything about your journey.  I'm not sure that I know much
about mine.  We are really, when you come to think of it, a good deal
alike--just apparitions that are and then are not, coming out of the
night into the lighted carriage, fluttering about the lamp for a while
and going out into the night again.  Perhaps...

"Going on to-night, sir?" said a voice at the window.  It was a
friendly porter giving me a hint that this was my station.  I thanked
him and said I must have been dozing.  And seizing my hat and stick I
went out into the cool summer night.  As I closed the door of the
compartment I saw my fellow traveller fluttering round the lamp....




ON A FAMOUS SERMON

I see that Queen Alexandra has made a further distribution among
charities of the profits from the sale of the late Canon Fleming's
sermon, "On Recognition in Eternity."  The sermon was preached on the
occasion of the death of the Duke of Clarence, and judging from its
popularity I have no doubt it is a good sermon.  But I am tempted to
write on the subject by a mischievous thought suggested by the
authorship of this famous sermon.  There is no idea which makes so
universal an appeal to the deepest instincts of humanity as the idea
that when we awake from the dream of life we shall pass into the
companionship of those who have shared and lightened our pilgrimage
here.  The intellect may dismiss the idea as unscientific, but, as
Newman says, the finite can tell us nothing about the infinite Creator,
and the Quaker poet's serene assurance--

  Yet love will hope and faith will trust
  (Since He Who knows our needs is just)
  That somehow, somewhere, meet we must--

defies all the buffetings of reason.

Even Shelley, for all his aggressive Atheism, could not, as Francis
Thompson points out, escape the instinct of personal immortality.  In
his glorious elegy on Keats he implicitly assumes the personal
immortality which the poem explicitly denies, as when, to greet the
dead youth,

  The inheritors of unfulfilled renown
  Rose from their thrones, built beyond mortal thought
  Far in the unapparent.

And it is on the same note that the poem reaches its sublime and
prophetic close:--

  I am borne darkly, fearfully afar;
  Whilst, burning through the inmost veil of heaven,
  The soul of Adonais like a star
  Beacons from the abode where the eternal are.

The ink of that immortal strain was hardly dry upon the page when the
vision was fulfilled, for only a few months elapsed between the death
of Keats and the drowning of Shelley, and in the interval the great
monody had been written.

I refuse, for the sake of the feelings of Mr. J. M. Robertson and Mr.
Foote and the other stern old dogmatists of Rationalism, to deny myself
the pleasure of imagining the meeting of Shelley and Keats in the
Elysian Fields.  If Shelley, "borne darkly, fearfully afar" beyond the
confines of reason, could feel that grand assurance, why should I, who
dislike the dogmatists of Rationalism as much as the dogmatists of
Orthodoxy, deny myself that beautiful solace?  I like to think of those
passionate spirits in eternal comradeship, pausing in their eager talk
to salute deep-browed Homer as, perchance, he passes in grave discourse
with the "mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonies."  I like to think of
Dante meeting Beatrice by some crystal stream, of Lincoln wandering
side by side with Lee, of poor Mary Lamb reunited to the mother she
loved and whom she slew in one of her fits of insanity, and of an
innumerable host of humbler recognitions no less sweet.

But Canon Fleming's name reminds me that all the recognitions will not
be agreeable.  I cannot imagine that eminent Court preacher showing any
eagerness to recognise or be recognised by that other eminent preacher,
Dr. Talmage.  For it was Talmage's sermon on the wickedness of great
cities that Fleming so unblushingly preached _and published_ as his
own, simply altering the names of American cities to those of European
cities.  Some cruel editor printed the two sermons side by side, I
think in the old _St. James's Gazette_, and the poor Canon's excuse
only made matters rather worse.  The incident did not prevent him
securing preferment, and his sermon on "Recognition in Eternity" still
goes on selling.  But he will not be comfortable when he sees Talmage
coming his way across the Elysian Fields.  I do not think he will offer
him the very unconvincing explanation he offered to the British public.
He will make a frank confession and Talmage will no doubt give him
absolution.  There will be many such awkward meetings.  With what
emotions of shame, for example, will Charles I. see Strafford
approaching.  "Not a hair of your head shall be touched by Parliament"
was his promise to that instrument of his despotic rule, but when
Parliament demanded the head itself he endorsed the verdict that sent
Strafford to the scaffold.  And I can imagine there will be a little
coldness between Cromwell and Charles when they pass, though in the
larger understanding of that world Charles, I fancy, will see that he
was quite impossible, and that he left the grim old Puritan no other
way.

It is this thought of the larger understanding that will come when we
have put off the coarse vesture of things that makes this speculation
reasonable.  That admirable woman, Mrs. Berry, in "Richard Feverel,"
had the recognitions of eternity in her mind when she declared that
widows ought not to remarry.  "And to think," she said, "o' two
(husbands) claimin' o' me then, it makes me hot all over."  Mrs.
Berry's mistake was in thinking of Elysium in the terms of earth.  It
is precisely because we shall have escaped from the encumbering flesh
and all the bewilderments of this clumsy world that we cannot merely
tolerate the idea, but can find in it a promised explanation of the
inexplicable.

It is the same mistake that I find in Mr. Belloc, who, I see from
yesterday's paper, has been denouncing the "tomfoolery" of
spiritualism, and describing the miracles of Lourdes as "a special
providential act designed to convert, change, upset, and disintegrate
the materialism of the nineteenth century."  I want to see the
materialism of the nineteenth century converted, changed, upset and
disintegrated, as much as Mr. Belloc does, but I have as little regard
for the instrument he trusts in as for the "tomfoolery" of
spiritualism.  And when he goes on to denounce a Miss Posthlethwaite, a
Catholic spiritualist, for having declared that in the next world she
found people of all religions and did not find that Mohammedans
suffered more than others, I feel that he is as materialistic as Mrs.
Berry.  He sees heaven in the terms of the troublesome little
sectarianisms of the earth, with an ascendancy party in possession, and
no non-alcoholic Puritans, Jews, or Mohammedans visible to his august
eye.  They will all be in another place, and very uncomfortable indeed.
He really has not advanced beyond that infantile partisanship
satirised, I think, by Swift:--

  We are God's chosen few,
  All others will be damned.
  There is no place in heaven for you,
  We can't have heaven crammed.


No, no, Mr. Belloc.  The judgments of eternity will not be so vulgar as
this, nor the companionship so painfully exclusive.  You will not walk
the infinite meadows of heaven alone with the sect you adorned on
earth.  You will find all sorts of people there regardless of the
quaint little creeds they professed in the elementary school of life.
I am sure you will find Mrs. Berry there, for that simple woman had the
root of the true gospel in her.  "I think it's al'ays the plan in a
dielemma," she said, "to pray God and walk forward."  I think it is
possible that in the larger atmosphere you will discover that she was a
wiser pupil in the elementary school than you were.




ON POCKETS AND THINGS

I suppose most men felt, as I felt, the reasonableness of Mr. Justice
Bray's remarks the other day on the preference of women for bags
instead of pockets.  A case was before him in which a woman had gone
into a shop, had put down her satchel containing her money and
valuables, turned to pick it up a little later, found it had been
stolen, and thereupon brought an action against the owners of the shop
for the recovery of her losses.  The jury were unsympathetic, found
that in the circumstances the woman was responsible, and gave a verdict
against her.

Of course the jury were men, all of them prejudiced on this subject of
pockets.  At a guess I should say that there were not fewer than 150
pockets in that jury-box, _and not one satchel_.  You, madam, may
retort that this is only another instance of the scandal of this
man-ridden world.  Why were there no women in that jury-box?  Why are
all the decisions of the courts, from the High Court to the coroner's
court, left to the judgment of men?  Madam, I share your indignation.
I would "comb-out" the jury-box.  I would send half the jurymen, if not
into the trenches, at least to hoe turnips, and fill their places with
a row of women.  Women are just as capable as men of forming an opinion
about facts, they have at least as much time to spare, and their point
of view is as essential to justice.  What can there be more ridiculous,
for example, than a jury of men sitting for a whole day to decide the
question of the cut of a gown without a single woman's expert opinion
to guide them, or more unjust than to leave an issue between a man and
a woman entirely in the hands of men?  Yes, certainly madam, I am with
you on the general question.

But when we come to the subject of pockets, I am bound to confess that
I am with the jury.  If I had been on that jury I should have voted
with fervour for making the woman responsible for her own loss.  If it
were possible for women to put their satchels down on counters, or the
seats of buses, or any odd place they thought of, and then to make some
innocent person responsible because they were stolen, there would be no
security for anybody.  It would be a travesty of justice--a premium
upon recklessness and even fraud.  Moreover, people who won't wear
pockets deserve to be punished.  They ask for trouble and ought not to
complain when they get it.

I have never been able to fathom the obduracy of women in this matter
of pockets.  It is not the only reflection upon their common-sense
which is implicit in their dress.  If we were to pass judgment on the
relative intelligence of the sexes by their codes of costume, sanity
would pronounce overwhelmingly in favour of men.  Imagine a man who
buttoned his coat and waistcoat down the back, so that he was dependent
on someone else to help dress him in the morning and unfasten him at
night, or who relied on such abominations as hooks-and-eyes scattered
over unattainable places, in order to keep his garments in position.
You cannot imagine such a man.  Yet women submit to these incredible
tyrannies of fashion without a murmur, and talk about them as though it
was the hand of fate upon them.  I have a good deal of sympathy with
the view of a friend of mine who says that no woman ought to have a
vote until she has won the enfranchisement of her own buttons.

Or take high-heeled boots.  Is there any sight more ludicrous than the
spectacle of a woman stumbling along on a pair of high heels, flung out
of the perpendicular and painfully struggling to preserve her
equilibrium, condemned to take finicking little steps lest she should
topple over, all the grace and freedom of movement lost in an ugly
acrobatic feat?  And when the feet turn in, and the high heels turn
over--heavens!  I confess I never see high heels without looking for a
mindless face, and I rarely look in vain.

But the puzzle about the pockets is that quite sensible women go about
in a pocketless condition.  I turned to Jane just now--she was sitting
by the fire knitting--and asked how many pockets she had when she was
fully dressed.  "None," she said.  "Pockets haven't been worn for years
and years, but now they are coming in--in an ornamental way."  "In an
ornamental way?" said I.  "Won't they carry anything?"  "Well, you can
trust a handkerchief to them."  "Not a purse?"  "Good gracious, no.  It
would simply ask to be stolen, and if it wasn't stolen in five minutes
it would fall out in ten."  The case was stranger than I had thought.
Not to have pockets was bad enough; but to have sham pockets!  Think of
it!  We have been at war for three and a half years, and women are now
beginning to wear pockets "in an ornamental way," not for use but as a
pretty fal-lal, much as they might put on another row of useless
buttons to button nothing.  And what is the result?  Jane (I have full
permission to mention her in order to give actuality to this moral
discourse) spends hours looking for her glasses, for her keys, for the
letter that came this morning, for her purse, for her bag, for all that
is hers.  And we, the devoted members of the family, spend hours in
looking for them too, exploring dark corners, probing the interstices
of sofas and chairs, rummaging the dishevelled drawers anew,
discovering the thing that disappeared so mysteriously last week or
last month and that we no longer want, but rarely the article that is
the very hub of the immediate wheel of things.

Now, I am different.  I am pockets all over.  I am simply agape with
pockets.  I am like a pillar-box walking about, waiting for the postman
to come and collect things.  All told, I carry sixteen pockets--none of
them ornamental, every one as practical as a time-table--pockets for
letters, for watch, for keys, for handkerchiefs, for tickets, for
spectacles (two pairs, long and short distance), for loose money, for
note-wallet, for diary and pocket-book--why, bless me, you can hardly
mention a thing I haven't a pocket for.  And I would not do without one
of them, madam--not one.  Do I ever lose things?  Of course I lose
things.  I lose them in my pockets.  You can't possibly have as many
pockets as I have got without losing things in them.  But then you have
them all the time.

That is the splendid thing about losing your property in your own
pockets.  It always turns up in the end, and that lady's satchel left
on the counter will never turn up.  And think of the surprises you get
when rummaging in your pockets--the letters you haven't answered, the
bills you haven't paid, the odd money that has somehow got into the
wrong pocket.  When I have nothing else to do I just search my
pockets--all my pockets, those in the brown suit, and the grey suit,
and the serge suit, and my "Sunday best"--there must be fifty pockets
in all, and every one of them full of something, of ghosts of
engagements I haven't kept, and duties I haven't performed, and friends
I have neglected, of pipes that I have mourned as lost, and half
packets of cigarettes that by some miracle I have not smoked, and all
the litter of a casual and disorderly life.  I would not part with
these secrecies for all the satchels in Oxford Street.  I am my own
book of mysteries.  I bulge with mysteries.  I can surprise myself at
any moment I like by simply exploring my pockets.  If I avoid exploring
them I know I am not very well.  I know I am not in a condition to face
the things that I might find there.  I just leave them there till I am
stronger--not lost, madam, as they would be in your satchel, but just
forgotten, comfortably forgotten.  Why should one always be disturbing
the sleeping dogs in the kennels of one's pockets?  Why not let them
sleep?  Are there not enough troubles in life that one must go seeking
them in one's own pockets?  And I have a precedent, look you.  Did not
Napoleon say that if you did not look at your letters for a fortnight
you generally found that they had answered themselves?

And may I not in this connection recall the practice of Sir Andrew
Clarke, the physician of Mr. Gladstone, as recorded in the
reminiscences of Mr. Henry Holiday?  At dinner one night Sir Andrew was
observed to be drinking champagne, and was asked why he allowed himself
an indulgence which he so rigorously denied to his patients.  "Yes," he
said, "but you do not understand my case.  When I go from here I shall
find a pile of fifty or sixty letters awaiting answers."  "But will
champagne help you to answer them?" asked the other.  "Not at all,"
said Sir Andrew, "not at all; but it puts you in the frame of mind in
which you don't care a damn whether they are answered or not."  I do
not offer this story for the imitation of youth, but for the solace of
the people like myself who have long reached the years of discretion
without becoming discreet, and who like to feel that their weaknesses
have been shared by the eminent and the wise.

And, to conclude, the wisdom of the pocket habit is not to be judged by
its abuse, but by its obvious convenience and safety.  I trust that
some energetic woman will be moved to inaugurate a crusade for the
redemption of her sex from its pocketless condition.  A Society for the
Propagation of Pockets Among Women (S.P.P.A.W.) is a real need of the
time.  It should be a part of the great work of after-the-war
reconstruction.  It should organise opinion, distribute leaflets and
hold meetings, with the Mayor in the chair and experts, rich in pockets
and the lore of the subject, to light the fire of rebellion throughout
the land.  Women have won the vote from the tyrant man.  Let them win
their pockets from the tyrant dressmaker.




ON A COUNTRY PLATFORM

The fields lie cheek-by-jowl with the station, and a group of high
elms, in which dwells a colony of rooks, throws its ample shade over
the "down" platform.

From the cornfield that marches side by side with the station there
comes the cheerful music of the reaper and the sound of the voices of
the harvesters, old men, some women and more children--for half of the
field has been reaped and is being gathered and gleaned.  They are so
near that the engine-driver of the "local" train exchanges gossip with
them in the intervals of oiling his engine.  They talk of the crops and
the bad weather there has been and the change that has come with
September, and the news of boys who are fighting or have fallen....

A dozen youths march, two by two, on to the "up" platform.  They are in
civilian dress, but behind them walks a sergeant who ejaculates
"left--left--left" like the flick of a whip.  They are the latest
trickle from this countryside to the great whirlpool, most of them mere
boys.  They have the self-consciousness of obscure country youths who
have suddenly been thrust into the public eye and are aware that all
glances are turned critically upon their awkward movements.  They
shamble along with a grotesque caricature of a dare-devil swagger, and
laugh loud and vacantly to show how much they are at ease with
themselves and the world.  It is hollow gaiety and suggests the
animation of a trout with a hook in its throat.

The booking-clerk, lounging at the door of the booking-office, passes a
half-contemptuous remark upon them to a companion.

"Wait till they come for you, Jimmy," says the other.  "You won't find
it so funny then."

Jimmy's face falls at the reminder, for he is nearly ripe for the great
harvest, and the reaper will soon come his way....

A few people drift in from outside as the time for the departure of the
London train approaches.  Among them, a young woman, hot and flushed
and carrying a country basket, is greeted by an acquaintance with
surprise.

"What are you doing here?"

"I'm going to London--just as I am---a telegram from Tom--he's got
leave from the front--isn't it glorious--and all so
unexpected--couldn't change, or even drop my basket--the messenger met
me in the street--hadn't a moment to lose to catch the train." ...

A little group brushes by her with far other emotions.  A stalwart
soldier, a bronzed, good-looking fellow, with three stripes, who has
evidently seen much service, is returning from leave.  His wife, neatly
dressed and with head down, wheels a perambulator beside him.  Inside
the perambulator is a child of three years or so.  Two other children,
of perhaps five and six, walk with the soldier, each clasping a hand.
The little procession passes in silence to the end of the platform,
full of that misery which seeks to be alone with itself....

Over the wooden bridge that connects the two platforms comes a solitary
soldier, laden with his belongings.  He has come in from some other
village by the local train.  He flings himself down on the form and
stares gloomily at the elms and the cornfield and the sunshine.  A
comfortable-looking, elderly man, who has a copy of the _London Corn
Circular_ in his hand, turns to him with that amiable desire to be
friendly which elderly people have in the presence of soldiers.

"And how long have you been out at the war, sonny?" he asks, much as he
might ask how long holiday he had had.

"I'm sick of the bloody war," says the soldier, without even turning
his head.

The comfortable, elderly man collapses into silence and the _Corn
Circular_....

A young officer who has been driven up in a dog-cart comes on to the
platform accompanied by a dog with tongue lolling from its mouth and
with the large, brown, affectionate eyes of the Airedale.

The train thunders in, and the officer opens a carriage door.  The dog
tries to enter with his master.

"No, no, old chap," says the latter, gently patting him and pulling him
back.  "Go home.  They don't want you where I'm going."

The dog stands for a moment on the platform, panting and gazing at his
master as if hoping that he will relent.  Then he turns and trots away,
throwing occasional glances back on the off-chance of a whistle of
recall....

The moment has come for the separation of the little family at the end
of the platform.  The soldier leans from the carriage window and his
wife clings about his neck.  The two children stand by the
perambulator.  They are brave little girls and remember that they have
not to cry.  The train begins to move and the woman unclasps herself,
leaving her husband at the window, smiling his hardest and throwing
kisses to the children.  The train gathers speed and takes a curve and
the soldier has vanished.  The mother turns to the perambulator and
seeks to hide her face as she hurries with her little charges along the
platform and through the gate.  The two little girls stifle their sobs
in their aprons, but the child in the carriage knows nothing of public
behaviour.  He knows in that dim way that is the affliction of
childhood that something terrible is happening, and as the forlorn
little group hurries by to escape into the lane hard by where grief can
have its fill he rends the air with his sobs and cries of "Poor dada,
poor dada!"

Poor little mite, he is beginning his apprenticeship to this rough,
insane world betimes....

And now the platform is empty, and the only sound of life is the whirr
of the reaping machine and the voices from the harvest field.  Through
the meadow that leads to the village the dog is slowly trotting home,
still casting occasional glances backwards on the chance....




ON A DISTANT VIEW OF A PIG

Yes, I would certainly keep a pig.  The idea came to me while I was
digging.  I find that there is no occupation that stimulates thought
more than digging if you choose your soil well.  Digging in the London
clay does not stimulate thought; it deadens thought.  It is good
exercise for the body, but it is no exercise for the mind.  You can't
play with your fancies as you plunge your spade into this stiff and
stubborn medium.  But in the light, porous soil of my garden on the
chalk hills digging goes with a swing and a rhythm that set the
thoughts singing like the birds.  I feel I could win battles when I'm
digging, or write plays or lyrics that would stun the world, or make
speeches that would stir a post to action.  Ideas seem as plentiful as
blackberries in the autumn, and if only I could put down the spade and
capture them red-hot I feel that I could make _The Star_ simply blaze
with glory.

It was in one of these prolific moments that I thought of the pig.
Like all great ideas there was something inevitable about it.  The
calculations of Le Verrier and Adams proved the existence of Neptune
before that orb was discovered.  They knew it was there before they
found it.  My pig was born without my knowledge.  In the furnace of my
mind he took shape merely by the friction of facts.  He was a sort of
pig by divine right.  It happened thus.  In the midst of my digging Jim
Squire, passing up the lane, had paused on the other side of the hedge
to discuss last night's frost.  I straightened my back for a talk, and
naturally we talked about potatoes.  If you want to get the best out of
Jim Squire you must touch him on potatoes.  There are some people who
find Jim an unresponsive and suspicious yokel.  That is because they do
not know how to draw him out.  Mention potatoes, or carrots, or the
best way of dealing with slugs, or the right manure for a hot-bed, or
any sensible subject like these, and he simply flows with wisdom and
urbanity.

He observed that I should have a tidy few potatoes, what with the
garden I was digging, and the piece I'd turned over in the orchard, and
that there bit o' waste land on the hillside which he _had_ heard as I
was getting Mestur Wistock to plough up for me.  Yes, there'd be a
niceish lot.  And he _did_ hear I was going to set King Edwards and
Arran Chiefs.  Rare and fine potatoes they were too.  He had some King
Edwards last year--turned out wonderful, they did.  One root he pulled
up weighed 12 lb.  Yes, Miss Mary weighed 'em for him in the scale at
the farm--just for a hobby like as you might say.  It was like this.
He'd seen a bit in the paper about a man as had 8 lb. on a root, and he
(Jim) said to himself, "This root beats that by a long chalk _I_ know."
And Miss Mary come by and she said she'd weigh 'em.  And she did.  And
it was 12 lb. full, she said.  If anything, she said, 'twas a shade
over.  _She_ said as they'd have took a prize anywhere--that's what she
said....  Well, you couldn't have too many potatoes these days.
Wonderful good food they were, for man _and_ pig....

As he went on up the lane my spade took up that word like a refrain.
At every rhythmic stroke it seemed to cry "pig" with increasing
vehemence.

  Then felt I like some watcher of the skies,
  When a new planet swims into his ken.

A pig?  Why not?--and I straightened my back again.  I felt that
something prodigious was taking shape.  My eye wandered across the
orchard.  There were the hives standing in a row--three of them, to be
increased to twelve as fast as the expert, who has set up her
carpenter's shop in the barn, can get the parts to put together.  And
beyond the hives three sheds--one for poultry, one for the hot-bed for
mushrooms, the third--why, the very thing....  Concrete the floor and
it would be a very palace for a pig.

I took a turn up the garden to look this thing squarely in the face,
and at the gate I saw the farmer's wife coming down the lane.  We
stopped, and she talked about her cows and about an order she had got
from the Government to plough up more pasture, and then--as if echoing
the very thought that was drumming in my head--about the litter of pigs
she was expecting and of her wish to get the cottagers to keep pigs.
Why, this was a very conspiracy of circumstance, thought I.  It seemed
as though man and events alike were engaged in a plot to make me keep a
pig.

With an air of idle curiosity I encouraged the farmer's wife to talk on
the thrilling theme, and she responded with enthusiasm.  The pig, I
found, was a grossly maligned animal.  It had lain uncomplainingly
under imputations that were foul slanders on its innocent and lovable
character.  Yes, lovable.  She had had pigs who were as affectionate as
any dog--pigs that followed her about in sheer friendliness.  And as
for the charge of filthiness, who was to blame?  We gave them dirty
styes and then called them dirty pigs.  But the pig was a clean animal,
loved cleanliness, thrived on cleanliness.  It was man the dirty who
kept the pig foul and then called him unclean.  And what a profitable
animal.  She had had a sow which had produced 108 pigs and 102 of them
came to maturity.  What an example to Shoreditch, I said.  Perhaps they
don't give them clean styes in Shoreditch, she said.  No, I replied,
they give them dirty styes....

I went indoors, suffused with the vision of the transfigured pig, the
affectionate, cleanly, intelligent pig, and took up a paper, and the
first thing my eye encountered was an article on "The Cottager's Pig."
I read it with the frenzy of a new religion and rose filled to the brim
with lore about the animal to whose existence (except in the shape of
bacon) I had been indifferent so long.  And now, fully seized with the
idea, it seemed that the world talked of nothing but pig.  It was only
that my ears were unstopped and my eyes unsealed by an awakened
curiosity; but it seemed to me that the pig had suddenly been born into
the universe, and that the air was filled with the rumour of his
coming.  I encountered the subject at every turn.  In the _Times_ I
read a touching lament over the disappearance of the little black pig.
Elsewhere I saw a facsimile letter from Lord Rhondda, in which he
declared his loyalty to the pig and denied that he had ever spoken evil
of him.

It was a patriotic duty to keep a pig.  He was an ally in the war.  I
saw the whole German General Staff turning pale at his name, as Mazarin
was said to turn pale at the name of Cromwell.  Arriving in town I met
the eminent politician Mr. R---- and he began to tell me how he had
started all his cottagers in the North growing pig.  By nightfall I
could have held my own without shame or discredit in any company of pig
dealers, and in my dreams I saw the great globe itself resting on the
back, not of an elephant, but of a pig with a beautiful curly tail.

      *      *      *      *      *

Later: I have ordered the pig.




IN DEFENCE OF IGNORANCE

A young man wrote to me the other day lamenting his ignorance and
requesting me to tell him what books to read and what to do in order to
become learned and wise.  I sent him a civil answer and such advice as
occurred to me.  But I confess that the more I thought of the matter
the less assured I felt of my competence for the task.  I ceased to be
flattered by the implied tribute to my omniscience, and felt rather
like a person who gives up a third-class ticket after he has ridden in
a first-class carriage might feel.  I surveyed my title to this
reputation for learning, and was shocked at the poverty of my estate.
As I contrasted the mountain of things I didn't know with the molehill
of things I did know, my self-esteem sank to zero.  Why, my dear young
sir, thought I, I cannot pay twopence in the pound.  I am nothing but
the possessor of a wide-spread ignorance.  Why should you come to me
for a loan?

I begin with myself--this body of me that is carried about on a pair of
cunningly-devised stilts and waves a couple of branches with five
flexible twigs at the end of each, and is surmounted by a large round
knob with wonderful little orifices, and glittering jewels, and a sort
of mat for a covering, and which utters strange noises and speaks and
sings and laughs and cries.  Bless me, said I, what do I know about it?
I am a mere bundle of mysteries in coat and breeches.  I couldn't tell
you where my epiglottis is or what it does without looking in a
dictionary.  I have been told, but I always forget.  I am little better
than the boy in the class.  "Where is the diaphragm?" asked the
teacher.  "Please sir, in North Staffordshire."  said the boy.  I may
laugh at the boy, but any young medical student would laugh just as
much at me if I told him honestly what I do not know about the
diaphragm.  And when it comes to the ultimate mysteries of this
aggregation of atoms which we call the human body the medical student
and, indeed, the whole Medical Faculty would be found to be nearly as
ignorant as the boy was about the diaphragm.

From myself I pass to all the phenomena of life, and wherever I turn I
find myself exploring what Carlyle calls the "great, deep sea of
Nescience on which we float like exhalations that are and then are
not."  I see Orion striding across the southern heavens, and feel the
wonder and the majesty of that stupendous spectacle, but if I ask
myself what I know about it I have no answer.  And even the knowledge
of the most learned astronomer only touches the fringe of the
immensity.  What is beyond--beyond---beyond?  His mind is balked, as
mine is, almost at the threshold of the mighty paradox of a universe
which we can conceive neither as finite nor as infinite, which is
unthinkable as having limits and unthinkable as having no limits.  As
the flowers come on in summer I always learn their names, but I know
that I shall have to learn them again next year.  And as to the mystery
of their being, by what miracle they grow and transmute the secretions
of the earth and air into life and beauty--why, my dear young sir, I am
no more communicative than the needy knife-grinder.  "Story?  God bless
you, I have none to tell, sir."

I cannot put my hand to anything outside my little routine without
finding myself meddling with things I don't understand.  I was digging
in the garden just now and came upon a patch of ground with roots deep
down.  Some villainous pest, said I, some enemy of my carrots and
potatoes.  Have at them!  I felt like a knight charging to the rescue
of innocence.  I plunged the fork deeper and deeper and tore at the
roots, and grew breathless and perspiring.  Even now I ache with the
agonies of that titanic combat.  And the more I fought the more
infinite became the ramifications of those roots.  And so I called for
the expert advice of the young person who was giving some candy to her
bees in the orchard.  She came, took a glance into the depths, and
said: "Yes, you are pulling up that tree."  And she pointed to an
ivy-grown tree in the hedge a dozen yards away.  Did I feel foolish,
young sir?  Of course I felt foolish, but not more foolish than I have
felt on a thousand other occasions.  And you ask me for advice.

I recall one among many of these occasions for my chastening.  When I
was young I was being driven one day through a woodland country by an
old fellow who kept an inn and let out a pony and chaise for hire.  As
we went along I made some remark about a tree by the wayside and he
spoke of it as a poplar.  "Not a poplar," said I with the easy
assurance of youth, and I described to him for his information the
characters of what I conceived to be the poplar.  "Ah," he said "you
are thinking of the Lombardy poplar.  That tree is the Egyptian
poplar."  And then he went on to tell me of a score of other
poplars--their appearance, their habits, and their origins--quite
kindly and without any knowledge of the withering blight that had
fallen upon my cocksure ignorance.  I found that he had spent his life
in tree culture and had been forester to a Scotch duke.  And I had
explained to him what a poplar was like!  But I think he did me good,
and I often recall him to mind when I feel disposed to give other
people information that they possibly do not need.

And the books I haven't read, and the sciences I don't know, and the
languages I don't speak, and the things I can't do--young man, if you
knew all this you would be amazed.  But it does not make me unhappy.
On the contrary I find myself growing cheerful in the contemplation of
these vast undeveloped estates.  I feel like a fellow who has inherited
a continent and, so far, has only had time to cultivate a tiny corner
of the inheritance.  The rest I just wander through like a boy in
wonderland.  Some day I will know about all these things.  I will
develop all these immensities.  I will search out all these mysteries.
In my heart I know I shall do nothing of the sort.  I know that when
the curtain rings down I shall be digging the same tiny plot.  But it
is pleasant to dream of future conquests that you won't make.

And, after all, aren't we all allotment holders of the mind,
cultivating our own little patch and surrounded by the wonderland of
the unknown?  Even the most learned of us is ignorant when his
knowledge is measured by the infinite sum of things.  And the riches of
knowledge themselves are much more widely diffused than we are apt to
think.  There are few people who are not better informed about
something than we are, who have not gathered their own peculiar sheaf
of wisdom or knowledge in this vast harvest field of experience.  That
is at once a comfortable and a humbling thought.  It checks a too
soaring vanity on the one hand and a too tragic abasement on the other.
The fund of knowledge is a collective sum.  No one has all the items,
nor a fraction of the items, and there are few of us so poor as not to
have some.  If I were to walk out into the street now I fancy I should
not meet a soul, man or woman, who could not fill in some blank of my
mind.  And I think--for I must not let humility go too far--I think I
could fill some blank in theirs.  Our carrying capacity varies
infinitely, but we all carry something, and it differs from the store
of any one else on earth.  And, moreover, the mere knowledge of things
is not necessary to their enjoyment, nor necessary even to wisdom.
There are things that every ploughboy knows to-day which were hidden
from Plato and Caesar and Dante, but the ploughboy is not wiser than
they.  Sir Thomas Browne, in his book on "Vulgar Errors," declared that
the idea that the earth went round the sun was too foolish to be
controverted.  I know better, but that doesn't make me a wiser man than
Browne.  Wisdom does not depend on these things.  I suppose that, on
the whole, Lincoln was the wisest and most fundamentally sane man who
ever took a great part in the affairs of this planet.  Yet compared
with the average undergraduate he was utterly unlearned.

Do not, my young friend, suppose I am decrying your eagerness to know.
Learn all you can, my boy, about this wonderful caravan on which we
make our annual tour round the sun, and on which we quarrel and fight
with such crazy ferocity as we go.  But at the end of all your learning
you will be astonished at how little you know, and will rejoice that
the pleasure of living is in healthy feeling rather than in the
accumulation of facts.  There was a good deal of truth in that saying
of Savonarola that "a little old woman who kept the faith knew more
than Plato or Aristotle."




ON A SHINY NIGHT

The pleasantest hour of my day is the hour about midnight.  It is then
that I leave the throbbing heart of Fleet Street behind me, jump on to
the last bus bound for a distant suburb, and commandeer the back corner
seat.  If the back seat is not vacant I sit as near as I can and watch
the enemy who possesses it with a vigilant eye.  When he rises I pounce
on the quarry like a kestrel on its prey.  I love the back seat, not
only because it is the most comfortable, but also because it gives you
the sense of solitude in the midst of a crowd, which is one of the most
enjoyable sensations I know.  To see, and not be seen, to watch the
human comedy unobserved, save by the friendly stars who look down very
searchingly but never blab, to have the advantages of both solitude and
society in one breath, as it were--this is my idea of enjoyment.

But most of all I love the back seat on such a night as last night,
when the crescent moon is sailing high in a cloudless sky and making
all the earth a wonder of romance.  The garish day is of the earth,
"the huge and thoughtful night" when no moon is seen and the
constellations blaze in unimaginable space is of the eternal; but here
in this magic glamour of the moon where night and day are wedded is the
realm of romance.  You may wander all day in the beech woods and never
catch a glimpse of Tristan and Iseult coming down the glades or hear an
echo of Robin Hood's horn; but walk in the beech woods by moonlight and
every shadow will have its mystery and will talk to you of the legends
of long ago.

That is why Sir Walter Scott had such a passion for "Cumnor Hall."
"After the labours of the day were over," said Irving, "we often walked
in the meadows, especially in the moonlight nights; and he seemed never
weary of repeating the first stanza:

  The dews of summer night did fall--
    The moon, sweet regent of the sky,
  Silvered the walls of Cumnor Hall,
    And many an oak that stood thereby."

There you have the key to all the world of Sir Walter.  He was the King
of the Moonlighters.  He was a man who would have been my most dreaded
rival on the midnight bus.  He would have wanted the back seat, I know,
and there he would have sat and chanted "Cumnor Hall" to himself and
watched the moonlight touching the suburban streets to poetry and
turning every suburban garden into a twilight mystery.

There are, of course, quite prosaic and even wicked people who love "a
shiny night."  There is, for example, the gentleman from "famous
Lincolnshire" whose refrain is:

  Oh, 'tis my delight
  On a shiny night,
  In the season of the year.

I love his song because it is about the moonlight, and I am not sure
that I am much outraged by the fact that he liked the shiny night
because he was a poacher.  I never could affect any indignation about
poachers.  I suspect that I rather like them.  Anyhow, there is no
stanza of that jolly song which I sing with more heartiness than:

  Success to every gentleman that lives in Lincolnshire,
  Success to every poacher that wants to sell a hare.
  Bad luck to every gamekeeper that will not sell his deer.
        Oh, 'tis my delight, etc.

And there was Dick Turpin.  He, too, loved the moonlight for very
practical reasons.  He loved it not because it silvered the oak, but
because of that deep shadow of the oak in which he could stand with
Black Bess and await the coming of his victim.

And it is that shadow which is the real secret of the magic of
moonlight.  The shadows of the day have beauty but no secrecy.  The
sunlight is too strong to be wholly or even very materially denied.
Even its shadows are luminous and full of colour, and the contrast
between light and shade is not the contrast between the visible and the
invisible, between the light and the dark: it is only a contrast
between degrees of brightness.  Everything is bright, but some things
are more bright than others.  But in the moonlight the world is etched
in black and white.  The shadows are flat and unrevealing.  They have
none of the colour values produced by the reflected lights in the
shadows of the day.  They are as secret as the grave; distinct
personalities, sharply figured against the encompassing light, not mere
passages of colour tuned to a lower key.  And the quality of the
encompassing light itself emphasises the contrast.  The moon does not
bring out the colour of things, but touches them with a glacial pallor:

        .... Strange she is, and secret.
  Strange her eyes; her cheeks are cold as cold sea-shells.

See the moonlight fall upon your house-front and mark the wonderful
effect of black and white that it creates.  Under the play of the
moonbeams it becomes a house of mysteries.  The lights seem lighter
than by day, but that is only because the darks are so much darker.
That shadow cast by the gable makes a blackness in which anything may
lurk, and it is the secrecy of the shadow in a world of light that is
the soul of romance.

Take a walk in the woods in the bright moonlight over the tracks that
you think you could follow blindfold, and you will marvel at the tricks
which those black shadows of the trees can play with the most familiar
scenes.  Keats, who was as much of a moonlighter in spirit as Scott,
knew those impenetrable shadows well:

        .... tender is the night,
  And haply the Queen-moon is on her throne,
  Cluster'd around by all her starry Fays;
    But here there is no light,
  Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
  Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.

In this moonlight world you may skip at will from the known to the
unknown, have publicity on one side of the way and secrecy on the
other, walk in the light to see Jessica's face, and in the shadow to
escape the prying eyes of Shylock.  Hence through all time it has been
the elysium of lovers, and "Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent
horns," has been the goddess whom they serve,

  To whose bright image nightly by the moon,
  Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs.

Perhaps it is the eternal lover in us that responds so unfailingly to
the magic of the moonlight.




ON GIVING UP TOBACCO

This evening I am morally a little unapproachable.  I feel too good to
be true.  Perhaps it would be possible for me to endure the company of
Mr. Pecksniff; but that good man is dead, and I am lonely in a world
that is not quite up to my moral handicap.  For I have given up
tobacco.  For a whole day not a wreath of smoke has issued from my
lips, not a pipe, or a cigar, or a cigarette has had the victory over
me....  For a whole day!  I had not realised how long a day could be.
It is as though I have ceased to live in time and have gone into
eternity.  I once heard a man say: "Dear me!  How time flies!"  It
struck me at the moment as a true and penetrating remark, and I have
often repeated it since.  But now I know it to be false.  I know that
that man must have been a slave to tobacco, that subtle narcotic that
gives the illusion of the flight of time.  If he had the moral courage
to follow my example, he would not say "How time flies!"  He would say,
as I do (with tears in his voice, and with a glance at his pipe on the
mantel-piece), "How time stands still!"  He would find that a day can
seem as long as a year; that he can lengthen his life until he is
terrified at the prospect of its endlessness.

I have been contemplating this thing for years.  Some day, I have said
to myself, I will have a real trial of strength with this Giant
Nicotine who has held me thrall to his service.  Long have I borne his
yoke--ever since that far-off day when I burned a hole in my jacket
pocket with a lighted cigar that I hid at the approach of danger.  (How
well I remember that day: the hot sunshine, the walk in the fields, the
sense of forbidden joys, the tragedy of the burnt hole, the miserable
feeling of physical nausea.)  I have kicked against the tyranny of a
habit that I knew had become my master.  It was not the tobacco I
disliked.  Far from it.  I liked the tobacco; but disliked the habit of
tobacco.  The tendency of most of us is to become creatures of habit
and to lose our freedom--to cease to be masters of our own actions.
"Take away his habits, and there is nothing of him left," says a
character in some play, and the saying has a wide application.  I did
not possess a pipe: it was the pipe that possessed me.  I did not say
with easy, masterful assurance, "Come, I have had a hard day (or a good
dinner); I will indulge myself with a pipe of tobacco."  It was the
pipe which said, "Come, slave, to your devotions."  And though as the
result of one of my spiritual conflicts I threw away my pipe and
resolved to break the fall with an occasional cigarette, I found it was
the old tyrannous habit in a new disguise.  The old dog in a new coat,
as Johnson used to say.

There are some people who approach the question frivolously.  The young
man called John in the "Breakfast Table" is an example.  When the lady
in bombazine denounced tobacco and said it ought all to be burned, the
young man John agreed.  Someone had given him a box of cigars, he said,
and he was going to burn them all.  The lady in bombazine rejoiced.
Let him make a bonfire of them in the backyard, she said.  "That ain't
my way," replied the young man called John.  "I burn 'em one at a
time--little end in my mouth, big end outside."  Similarly wanting in
seriousness was the defence of tobacco set up by the wit who declared
that it prolonged life.  "Look at the ancient Egyptians," he said.
"None of them smoked, _and they are all dead_."  Others again discover
virtues to conceal the tyranny.  Lord Clarendon, when he was Foreign
Minister, excused the fact that his room always reeked with tobacco
smoke on the ground that it was necessary to his work.  "The art of
diplomacy," he said, "is the judicious administration of tobacco."  No
one knew better how to handle a cigar case than Bismarck, and it is no
very extravagant fancy to see in the events of to-day the enormous
fruit of an interlude of tobacco between him and Disraeli in the
council chamber at Berlin.

There are some who say they smoke because it soothes their nerves, and
others who say they smoke because it is an aid to social intercourse.
It is true that you can sit and smoke and say nothing without feeling
that the spirit of communion is broken.  That was the case of Carlyle
and his mother and of Carlyle and Tennyson, brave smokers all and
silent to boot.  They let their pipes carry on a conversation too deep
for words.  And lesser people, as Cowper knew, conceal their bankruptcy
of words in wreaths of smoke:

  The pipe, with solemn, interposing puff,
  Makes half a sentence at a time enough;
  The dozing sages drop the drowsy strain,
  Then pause, and puff, and speak, and puff again.


And, while some say they smoke for company, others claim to smoke for
thought and inspiration.  "Tobacco is the sister of Literature," says
Sir Walter Raleigh, loyal in this to his great namesake who brought the
good gift to our shores.  Heaven forbid that I should deny the debt we
who write owe to tobacco, but I am bound to confess that brother
Literature did some handsome things before he found his sister.  Homer
and Euripides, Virgil and Horace wrote quite tolerably without the help
of tobacco, though no one can read Horace without feeling that he had
the true spirit of the tobacco cult.  Had he been born a couple of
thousand years later, what praises of the weed of Havana he would have
mingled with his praises of Falernian!

But if we are honest with ourselves we shall admit that we smoke not
for this or that respectable reason--not always even because we enjoy
it--but because we have got into the habit and can't get out of it.
And in this, as in other cases, it is the surrender of the will more
than the thing yielded to that is the mischief.  All the great systems
of religion have provided against the enslavement of the individual to
his habits.  The ordinances of abstinence are designed, in part at all
events, to keep the will master of the appetites.  They are
intended--altogether apart from the question of salvation by works--to
serve as a breach with habits which, if allowed uninterrupted sway,
reduce the soul to a sort of bondage to the body.

It is against that bondage of habit that I have warred to-day.  I shall
not describe the incidents of the struggle: the allurements of the
tobacconists' shops--and what a lot of tobacconists' shops there
are!--the insidious temptation of a company of men smoking contentedly
after lunch, the heroism of waving away the offered cigarette or cigar
as though it were a matter of no importance, the constant act of
refusal.  For this is no case of one splendid deed of heroism.  You do
not slay Apollyon with a thrust of your sword and march triumphantly on
your way.  You have to go on fighting every inch of the journey, deaf
to the appeals of Gold Flake and Capstan and Navy Cut and the other
syrens that beckon you from the shop windows.  And now evening has come
and the victory is mine.  I have singed the beard of the giant.  I am
no longer his thrall.  To-morrow I shall be able to smoke with a clear
conscience--with the feeling that it is an act of my own free choice,
and not an act of slavish obedience to an old habit....

How I shall enjoy to-morrow!




THE GREAT GOD GUN

A few days ago I saw the Advent of the Great God Gun.  The goddess
Aphrodite, according to ancient mythology, rose out of the foam of the
sea, and the Great God Gun, too, emerged from a bath, but it was a bath
of fire--fire so white and intense that the eyes were blinded by it as
they are blinded by the light of the unclouded sun at midday.

Our presence had been timed for the moment of his coming.  We stood in
a great chamber higher than a cathedral nave, and with something even
less than the dim religious light of a cathedral nave.  The exterior of
the temple was plain even to ugliness, a tower of high, windowless
walls faced with corrugated iron.  Within was a maze of immense
mysteries, mighty cylinders towering into the gloom above, great pits
descending into the gloom below, gigantic cranes showing against the
dim skylight, with here and there a Cyclopean figure clad in oily
overalls and with a face grimy and perspiring.

The signal was given.  Two shadowy figures that appeared in the
darkness above one of the cylinders began their incantations.  A giant
crane towered above them and one saw its mighty claw descend into the
orifice of the cylinder as if to drag some Eurydice out of the hell
within.  Then the word was spoken and somewhere a lever, or perhaps
only an electric button, was touched.  But at that touch the whole
front of the mighty cylinder from top to bottom opened and swung back
slowly and majestically, and one stood before a pillar of flame forty
feet high, pure and white, an infinity of intolerable light, from
whence a wave of heat came forth like a living thing.  And as the door
opened the Cyclops above--strange Dantesque figures now swallowed up in
the gloom, now caught in the light of the furnace--set the crane in
motion, and through the open door of the cylinder came the god,
suspended from the claw of the crane that gripped it like the fingers
of a hand.

It emerged slowly like a column of solid light--mystic, wonderful.  All
night it had stood imprisoned in the cylinder enveloped by that bath of
incalculable hotness, and as it came out from the ordeal, it was as
white as the furnace within.  The great hand of the crane bore it
forward with a solemn slowness until it paused over the mouth of one of
the pits.  I had looked into this pit and seen that it was filled
nearly to the brim with a slimy liquid.  It was a pit of oil--tens of
thousands of gallons of high-flash rape oil.  It was the second bath of
the god.

The monster, the whiteness of his heat now flushing to pink, paused
above the pit.  Then gravely, under the direction of the iron hand that
held him suspended in mid-air, he began to descend into the oil.  The
breech end of the incandescent column touched the surface of the
liquid, and at that touch there leapt out of the mouth of the pit great
tongues of flame.  As the red pillar sank deeper and deeper in the pit
the flames burst up through the muzzle and licked with fury about the
ruthless claw as if to tear it to pieces.  But it would not let go.
Lower and lower sank the god until even his head was submerged and he
stood invisible beneath us, robed in his cloak of oil.

And there we will leave him to toughen and harden as he drinks in the
oil hungrily through his burning pores.  Soon he will be caught up in
the claw of the crane again, lifted out of his bath and lowered into an
empty pit near by.  And upon him will descend another tube, that has
passed through the same trials, and that will fit him as the skin fits
the body.  And then in due course he will be provided with yet another
coat.  Round and round him will be wound miles of flattened wire, put
on at a tension of unthinkable resistance.  And even then there remains
his outer garment, his jacket, to swell still further his mighty bulk.
After that he will be equipped with his brain--all the wonderful
mechanism of breech and cradle--and then one day he will be carried to
the huge structure near by, where the Great God Gun, in all his
manifestations, from the little mountain ten-pounder to the leviathan
fifteen-inch, rests shining and wonderful, to be sent forth with his
message of death and destruction.

The savage, we are told, is misguided enough to "bow down to wood and
stone."  Poor savage!  If we could only take him, with his childlike
intelligence, into our temple to see the god that the genius and
industry of civilised man has created, a god so vast that a hundred men
could not lift him, of such incredible delicacy that his myriad parts
are fitted together to the thousandth, the ten-thousandth, and even the
hundred-thousandth of an inch, and out of whose throat there issue
thunders and lightnings that carry ruin for tens of miles--how ashamed
the poor savage would be of his idols of wood and stone!  How he would
abase himself before the god of the Christian nations!

And what a voracious deity he is!  Here in the great arsenal of
Woolwich one passes through miles and miles of bewildering activities,
foundries where the forty-ton hammer falls with the softness of a
caress upon the great column of molten metal, and gives it the first
crude likeness of the god, where vast converters are sending out flames
of an unearthly hue and brightness, or where men clothed in grime and
perspiration are swinging about billets of steel that scorch you as
they pass from the furnace to the steam-press in which they are stamped
like putty into the rough shape of great shells; shops where the roar
of thousands of lathes drowns the voice, and where the food of the god
is passing through a multitude of preparations more delicate than any
known to the kitchens of Lucullus; pools of silence where grave
scientific men are at their calculations and their tests, and where
mechanics who are the princes of their trade show you delicate
instruments gauged to the hundred-thousandth of an inch that are so
precious that they will scarcely let you handle them; mysterious
chambers where the high explosives are handled and where the shells are
filled, where you walk in felt slippers upon padded floors and dare not
drop a pin lest you wake an earthquake, and where you see men working
(for what pay I know not) with materials more terrible than lightnings,
themselves partitioned off from eternity only by the scrupulous
observance of the stern laws of this realm of the sleeping Furies.

A great town--a town whose activities alone are equal to all the labour
of a city like Leeds--all devoted to the service of the god who lies
there, mystic, wonderful, waiting to speak his oracles to men.  I see
the poor savage growing more and more ashamed of his wood and stone.
And this, good savage, is only a trifling part of our devotions.  All
over the land wherever you go you shall find furnaces blazing to his
glory, mountains shattered to make his ribs, factories throbbing day
and night to feed his gigantic maw and to clothe his servants.

You shall go down to the great rivers and hear a thousand hammers
beating their music out of the hulls of mighty ships that are to be the
chariots of the god, in which he will go forth to preach his gospel.
You shall go down into the bowels of the earth and see half-naked men
toiling in the blackness by the dim light of the safety lamp to win
that wonderful food which is the ultimate food of the god, power to
forge his frame, power to drive his chariots, power to wing his bolts.
You shall go to our temples of learning and the laboratories of our
universities and see the miracles of destruction that science, the
proudest achievement of man, can wring out of that astonishing mystery
coal-tar.  You shall go to our ports and watch the ships riding in
proudly from the seas with their tributes from afar to the god.  And
behind all this activity you shall see a nation working day and night
to pay for the food of the god, throwing all its accumulated wealth
into the furnace to keep the engines going, pawning its future to the
uttermost farthing and to the remotest generation.

And wherever the white man dwells, good savage, the same vision awaits
you--

        ... where Rhine unto the sea,
  And Thames and Tiber, Seine and Danube run,
  And where great armies glitter in the sun,
  And great kings rule and men are boasted free.

Everywhere the hammers are ringing, the forests are falling, the
harvests are being gathered, and men and women toil like galley slaves
chained to the oar to build more and more of the image and feed him
more lavishly with the food of death.  You cannot escape the great
traffic of the god though you go to the outposts of the earth.  The
horses of the pampas are being rounded up to drag his wagons, the sheep
of Australia are being sheared to clothe his slaves, the pine trees of
Lapland are being split for his service, the silence of the Arctic seas
is broken by the throbbing of his chariots.  As a neutral, good savage,
you shall be free to go to Essen and see marvels no less wonderful than
these you have seen at Woolwich, and all through Europe from Bremen to
the Golden Horn the same infinite toil in the service of the Great God
Gun will greet your astonished eyes.

Then, it may be, you will pass to where the god delivers his message;
on sea where one word from his mouth sends a thousand men and twenty
thousand tons of metal in one huge dust storm to the skies; on land
where over hundreds of miles of battle front the towns and villages are
mounds of rubbish, where the desolate earth is riven and shattered by
that treacly stuff you saw being ladled into the shells in the danger
rooms at Woolwich or Essen, where the dead lie thick as leaves in
autumn, and where in every wood you will come upon the secret shrines
of the god.  At one light touch of the lever he lifts his head, coughs
his mighty guttural speech and sinks back as if convulsed.  He has
spoken, the earth trembles, the trees about him shudder at the shock.
And standing in the observatory you will see far off a great black,
billowy mass rise in the clear sky and you will know that the god has
blown another god like unto him into fragments, and that in that mass
that rises and falls is the wreckage of many a man who has looked his
last upon the sun and will never till the home fields again or gladden
the eyes of those he has left in some distant land.

And then, to complete your experience, you shall hear from the prophets
of the Great God Gun the praises of his gospel, how that gospel is an
abiding part of the white man's faith, how it acts as a moral medicine
to humanity, purging it of its vices and teaching it the higher virtues
(a visit to the music halls and the Strand at midnight will help your
simple mind to realise this), and how the words of the poet, uttered in
satire--

  That civilisation doos git forrad
  Sometimes upon a powder cart--

were in truth the words of eternal wisdom.

I see the poor savage returning sadly to his home and gazing with
mingled scorn and humiliation at his futile image of wood and stone.
Perhaps another feeling will mingle with his sadness.  Perhaps he will
be perplexed and puzzled.  For he may have heard of another religion
that the white man serves, and it may be difficult for his simple mind
to reconcile that religion with the gospel of the Great God Gun.




ON A LEGEND OF THE WAR

I was going down to the country the other night when I fell into
conversation with a soldier who was going home on leave.  He was a
reservist, who, after leaving the Army, had taken to gardening, and who
had been called up at the beginning of the war.  He had many
interesting things to tell, which he told in that unromantic,
matter-of-fact fashion peculiar to the British soldier.  But something
he said about his cousin led him to make a reference to Lord Kitchener,
and I noticed that he spoke of the great soldier as if he were living.

"But," said I, "do you think Kitchener wasn't drowned?"

"Yes," he replied, "I can't never believe he was drowned."

"But why?"

"Well, he hadn't no escort.  You're not going to make me believe he
didn't know what he was doing when he went off and didn't have no
escort.  It stands to reason.  He wasn't no stick of rhubub, as you
might say.  He was a hard man on the soldier, but he had foresight, he
had.  He could look ahead.  That's what he could do.  He could look
ahead.  What did he say about the war?  Three years, he said, or the
duration, and he was about right.  He wasn't the man to get drowned by
an oversight--not him.  Stands to reason.

"Same with Hector Macdonald," he said, warming to his theme.  "He's
alive right enough.  He's fighting for the Germans.  Why, I know a man
who see him in a German uniform before the war began.  I should know
him if I see him.  He inspected me often.  He made a fool of himself at
Monte Carlo and that sort o' thing, and just went off to get a new
start, as you might say.

"And look at Hamel.  He ain't dead--course not.  He went to
Germany--that's what he did.  Stands to reason."

"And what has become of Kitchener?" I asked.  "Is he fighting for the
Germans too?"

Well no.  That was too tall an order even for his credulity.  He
boggled a bit at the hedge and then proceeded:

"He's laying by--that's what he's doing.  He's laying by.  You see,
he'd done his job.  He raised his army and made the whole job, as you
may say, safe, and he wasn't going to take a back seat and be put in a
corner.  Not him.  Stands to reason.  Why should he?  And him done all
what he had done.  So he just goes off and lays by until he's wanted
again.  Then he'll turn up all right.  You'll see."

"But the ship was blown up," I said, "and only one boatload of
survivors came to shore.  There were 800 men who perished with Lord
Kitchener.  Not one has been heard of.  Are they all 'laying by'?  And
where are they hiding?  And why?  And were they all in Lord Kitchener's
secret?"

He seemed a little gravelled by these considerations, but unmoved.

"I can't never believe that he's dead," he said with the air of a man
who didn't want to be awkward and would oblige if he possibly could.
"I can't do it....  With his foresight and all....  And no escort, mind
you....  No, I can't believe it....  Stands to reason."

And as he sank back in his seat and lit a cigarette I realised that the
legend of Kitchener had passed beyond the challenge of death.  I had
heard much of that legend, much of mysterious letters from prisoners in
Germany who had seen a very tall and formidable-looking man and hinted
that that man's name was--well, whose would you think?  Why, of
course....  But here was the popular legend in all its naked simplicity
and absoluteness.  It did not rest upon fact.  It defied all facts and
all evidence.  It was an act of tyrannic faith.  He was not dead,
because the mind simply refused to believe that he was dead.  And so he
was alive.  And there you are.

No doubt there was much in the circumstances of the great soldier's end
that helped the growth of the myth.  He filled so vast a place in the
public mind and vanished so swiftly that his total disappearance seemed
unthinkable.  No living man had seen him die and no man had seen his
body in death.  He had just walked out into the night, and from the
night he would return.

But, apart from the mystery of circumstance, the legend is a tribute to
the strange fascination which this remarkable man exercised over the
popular mind.  It endowed him with qualities which were supernatural.
In a world filled with the tragedy of mortality, here was a man who
could daunt death itself.  And when death stabbed him suddenly in the
dark of that wild night off the Orkneys and flung his body to the
wandering seas, the popular mind rejected the thought as a sort of
blasphemy and insisted on his victory over the enemy.  "Stands to
reason."  That's all.  It just "stands to reason."

It seems a childish superstition, and yet if we could probe this belief
to the bottom we might find that there is a truth beneath the apparent
foolishness.  It is that truth which Whitman, in his "Drum Taps,"
expresses over his fallen comrade--

  O the bullet could never kill what you really are, dear friend,
  Nor the bayonet stab what you really are!

There is something in the heroic soul that defies death, and the simple
mind only translates that faith in the deathlessness of the spirit into
material terms.  Drake lies in his hammock in Nombre Dios Bay, but he
lies "listening for the drum and dreamin' arl the time of Plymouth Hoe."

  Call him on the deep sea, call him up the Sound,
  Call him when your powder's running low--
      "If the Dons sight Devon
      I'll leave the port of Heaven,
  And we'll drum them up the Channel as we drummed them long ago."

And so the legend of Drake's drum lives on, and long centuries after,
in the midst of another and fiercer storm, men sail the seas and hear
that ghostly inspiration to brave deeds and brave death.  The torch of
a great spirit never goes out.  It is handed on from generation to
generation and flames brightest when the night is darkest.  And that I
think is the truth that dwells at the back of my companion's obstinate
credulity.  Kitchener has become to him a symbol of something that
cannot die, and his non-metaphysical mind must have some material
immortality to give his faith an anchorage.  And so, out in the vague
shadows of the borderland he sees the stalwart figure still at his
post--"laying by," it is true, but watching and waiting and "listening
for the drum" that shall summon him back to the field of action.

As the train slowed down at a country station and he prepared to go out
into the night, he repeated in firm but friendly accents: "No, I can't
never believe that he's dead....  Stands to reason."  And as he bade me
"Good-night," I said, "I think you are right.  I think he is living,
too."  And as the door closed, I added to myself, "Stands to reason."




ON TALK AND TALKERS

The other day I went to dine at a house known for the brilliancy of the
conversation.  I confess that I found the experience a little trying.
In conversation I am naturally rather a pedestrian person.  The talk I
like is the talk which Washington Irving had in mind when he said that
"that is the best company in which the jokes are rather small and the
laughter abundant."  I do not want to be expected to be brilliant or to
be dazzled by verbal pyrotechnics.  I like to talk in my slippers, as
it were, with my legs at full stretch, my mind at ease, and with all
the evening before me.  Above all, I like the company of people who
talk for enjoyment and not for admiration.  "I am none of those who
sing for meat, but for company," says Isaac Walton, and therein is the
secret of good talk as well as of cheerful song.  But at this dinner
table the conversation flashed around me like forked lightning.  It was
so staccato and elusive that it seemed like talking in shorthand.  It
was a very fencing match of wit and epigram, a sort of game of
touch-and-go, or tip-and-run, or catch-as-catch-can, or battledore and
shuttlecock, or demon patience, or anything you like that is
intellectually and physically breathless and baffling.  I thought of a
bright thing to say now and then, but I was always so slow in getting
away from the mark that I never got it out.  It had grown stale and out
of date before I could invest it with the artistic merit that would
enable it to appear in such brilliant company.  And so, mentally out of
breath, I just sat and felt old-fashioned and slow, and tried to catch
the drift of the sparkling dialogue.  But I looked as wise as possible,
just to give the impression that nothing was escaping me, and that the
things I did not say were quite worth saying.  That was Henry Irving's
way when the conversation got beyond him.  He just looked wise and said
nothing.

There are few things more enviable than the quality of good talk, but
this was not good talk.  It was clever talk, which is quite a different
thing.  There was no "stuff" in it.  It was like trying to make a meal
off the east wind, which it resembled in its hard brilliancy and lack
of geniality.  It reminded me of the tiresome witticisms of Mr. Justice
Darling, who always gives the impression of having just come into court
from the study of some jest book or a volume of appropriate quotations.
The foundation of good talk is good sense, good nature, and the gift of
fellowship.  Given these things you may serve them up with the sauce of
wit, but wit alone never made good conversation.  It is like mint sauce
without the lamb.

Fluent talkers are not necessarily good conversationalists.  Macaulay
talked as though he were addressing a public meeting, and Coleridge as
though he were engaged in an argument with space and eternity.  "If any
of you have got anything to say," said Samuel Rogers to his guests at
breakfast one morning, "you had better say it now you have got a
chance.  Macaulay is coming."  And you remember that whimsical story of
Lamb cutting off the coat button that Coleridge held him by in the
garden at Highgate, going for his day's work into the City, returning
in the evening, hearing Coleridge's voice, looking over the hedge and
seeing the poet with the button between forefinger and thumb still
talking into space.  His life was an unending monologue.  "I think,
Charles, that you never heard me preach," said Coleridge once, speaking
of his pulpit days.  "My dear boy," answered Lamb, "I never heard you
do anything else."

Johnson's talk had the quality of conversation, because, being a
clubbable man, he enjoyed the give-and-take and the cut-and-thrust of
the encounter.  He liked to "lay his mind to yours," as he said of
Thurlow, and though he was more than a little "huffy" on occasion he
had that wealth of humanity which is the soul of hearty conversation.
He quarrelled heartily and forgave heartily--as in that heated scene at
Sir Joshua's when a young stranger had been too talkative and knowing
and had come under his sledge hammer.  Then, proceeds Boswell, "after a
short pause, during which we were somewhat uneasy;--Johnson: Give me
your hand, Sir.  You were too tedious and I was too short.--Mr. ----:
Sir, I am honoured by your attention in any way.--Johnson: Come, Sir,
let's have no more of it.  We offend one another by our contention; let
us not offend the company by our compliments."  He always had the
company in mind.  He no more thought of talking alone than a boxer
would think of boxing alone, or the tennis player would think of
rushing up to the net for a rally alone.  He wanted something to hit
and something to parry, and the harder he hit and the quicker he
parried the more he loved the other fellow.  That is the way with all
the good talkers of our own time.  Perhaps Mr. Belloc is too cyclonic
and scornful for perfect conversation, but his energy and wit are
irresistible.  I find Mr. Bernard Shaw far more tolerant and much less
aggressive in conversation than on paper or on the platform.  But the
princes of the art, in my experience, are Mr. Birrell, Lord Morley, and
Mr. Richard Whiteing, the first for the rich wine of his humour, the
second for the sensitiveness and delicacy of his thought, the third for
the deep love of his kind that warms the generous current of his talk.
I would add Mr. John Burns, but he is really a soloist.  He is too
interesting to himself to be sufficiently interested in others.  When
he is well under way you simply sit round and listen.  It is capital
amusement, but it is not conversation.

It is not the man who talks abundantly who alone keeps the pot of
conversation boiling.  Some of the best talkers talk little.  They save
their shots for critical moments and come in with sudden and
devastating effect.  Lamb had that art, and his stammer was the perfect
vehicle of his brilliant sallies.  Mr. Arnold Bennett in our time uses
the same hesitation with delightful effect--sometimes with a shattering
truthfulness that seems to gain immensely from the preliminary
obstruction that has to be overcome.  And I like in my company of
talkers the good listener, the man who contributes an eloquent silence
which envelops conversation in an atmosphere of vigilant but friendly
criticism.  Addison had this quality of eloquent silence.  Goldsmith,
on the other hand, would have liked to shine, but had not the gift of
talk.  Among the eloquent listeners of our day I place that fine writer
and critic, Mr. Robert Lynd, whose quiet has a certain benignant
graciousness, a tolerant yet vigilant watchfulness, that adds its
flavour to the more eager talk of others.

It was a favourite fancy of Samuel Rogers that "perhaps in the next
world the use of words may be dispensed with--that our thoughts may
stream into each other's minds without any verbal communication."  It
is an idea which has its attractions.  It would save time and effort,
and would preserve us from the misunderstandings which the clumsy
instrument of speech involves.  I think, as I sit here in the orchard
by the beehive and watch the bees carrying out their myriad functions
with such disciplined certainty, that there must be the possibility of
mutual understanding without speech--an understanding such as that
which Coleridge believed humanity would have discovered and exploited
if it had been created mute.

And yet I do not share Rogers's hope.  I fancy the next world will be
like this, only better.  I think it will resound with the familiar
speech of our earthly pilgrimage, and that in any shady walk or among
any of the fields of asphodel over which we wander we may light upon
the great talkers of history, and share in their eternal disputation.
There, under some spreading oak or beech, I shall hope to see Carlyle
and Tennyson, or Lamb and Hazlitt and Coleridge, or Johnson laying down
the law to Langton and Burke and Beauclerk, with Bozzy taking notes, or
Ben Jonson and Shakespeare continuing those combats of the Mermaid
Tavern described by Fuller--the one mighty and lumbering like a Spanish
galleon, the other swift and supple of movement like an English
frigate--or Chaucer and his Canterbury pilgrims still telling tales on
an eternal May morning.  It is a comfortable thought, but I cannot
conceive it without the odd, cheerful din of contending tongues.  I
fancy edging myself into those enchanted circles, and having a modest
share in the glorious pow-wows of the masters.  I hope they won't vote
me a bore and scatter at my approach.




ON A VISION OF EDEN

I had a glimpse of Eden last night.  It came, as visions should come,
out of the misery of things.  In all these tragic years no night spent
in a newspaper office had been more depressing than this, with its
sense of impending peril, its disquieting _communique_, Wytschaate
lost, won, lost again; the eager study of the map with its ever
retreating British line; the struggle to write cheerfully in spite of a
sick and foreboding heart--and then out into the night with the burden
of it all hanging like a blight upon the soul.  And as I stood in the
dark and the slush and the snow by the Law Courts I saw careering
towards me a motor-bus with great head-lights that shone like blast
furnaces on a dark hillside.  It seemed to me like a magic bus pounding
through the gloom with good tidings, jolly tidings, and scattering the
darkness with its jovial lamps.  Heavens, thought I, what strangers we
are to good tidings; but here surely they come, breathless and radiant,
for such a glow never sat on the brow of fear.  The bus stopped and I
got inside, and inside it was radiant too--so brilliant that you could
not only see that your fellow-passengers were real people of flesh and
blood and not mere phantoms in the darkness, but that you could read
the paper with luxurious ease.

But I did not read the paper.  I didn't want to read the paper.  I only
wanted just to sit back and enjoy the forgotten sensation of a well-lit
bus.  It was as though at one stride I had passed out of the long and
bitter night of the black years into the careless past, or forward into
the future when all the agony would be a tale that was told.  One day,
I said to myself, we shall think nothing of a bus like this.  All the
buses will be like this, and we shall go galumphing home at midnight
through streets as bright as day.  The gloom will have vanished from
Trafalgar Square and the fairyland of Piccadilly Circus will glitter
once more with ten thousand lights singing the praises of Oxo and
Bovril and Somebody's cigarettes and Somebody else's pills.  We shall
look up at the stars and not fear them and at the moon and not be
afraid.  The newspaper will no longer be a chronicle of hell, nor
slaughter the tyrannical occupation of our thoughts.

And as I sat in the magic bus and saturated myself with this
intoxicating vision of the Eden that will come when the madness is
past, I wondered what I should do on entering that blessed realm that
was lost and that we yearn to regain.  Yes, I think I should fall on my
knees.  I think we shall all want to fall on our knees.  What other
attitude will there be for us?  Even my barber will fall on his knees.
"If I thought peace was coming to-morrow," he said firmly the other
day, "I'd fall on my knees _this very night_."  He spoke as though
nothing but peace would induce him to do such a desperate, unheard-of
thing.  I tried to puzzle out his scheme of faith, but found it beyond
me.  It rather resembled the naked commercialism of King Theebaw, who
when his favourite wife lay ill promised his gods most splendid gifts
if she recovered, and when she died brought up a park of artillery and
blew their temple down.  But my barber, nevertheless, had the root of
the matter in him, and I would certainly follow his example.

But then--what then?  Well I should want to get on to some high and
solitary place--alone, or with just one companion who knows when to be
silent and when to talk--there to cleanse my soul of this debauch of
horror.  I would take the midnight train and ho! for Keswick.  And in
the dawn of a golden day--it must be a golden day--I would see the sun

  Flatter the mountain tops with sovran eye

and set out by the lapping waves of Derwentwater for glorious Sty Head
and hear the murmurs from Glaramara's inmost caves and scramble up
Great Gable and over by Eskhause and Scafell and down into the green
pastures of Langdale.  And there in that sanctuary with its starry dome
and its encompassing hills I should find the thing I sought.

Then, like the barber, I shall be moved to do something desperate.  I
shall want some oblation to lay on the altar, and if I know my
companion he will not have forgotten his hundred foot of rope or his
craft of the mountains and together we will

  Leave our rags on Pavey Ark,
  Our cards on Pillar grim.

And then, the consecration and the offering complete, back to the world
that is shuddering, white-faced and wondering, into its Paradise
Regained....  Why, here is St. John's Wood already.  And Lord's!  Of
course, I _must_ have a day at Lord's.  It will be a part of the ritual
of reconciliation.  The old players will not be there, for the gulf
with the past is wide and the bones of many a great artist lie on
distant fields.  But we must recapture their music and pay homage to
their memory.  Yes, I will take my lunch to Lord's--or perchance the
Oval--and sit in the sunshine and hear the merry tune of bat and ball,
and walk over the greensward in the interval and look at the wicket,
and talk for a whole day with my companion of the giants of old and of
the doughty things we have seen them do.  Haig and Hindenburg, Tirpitz
and Jellicoe, all the names that have filled our nightmare shall be
forgotten: there shall fall from our lips none but the names of the
goodly game--"W.G." and Ranji, Johnny Briggs and Lohmann, Spofforth and
Bonner, Ulyett and Barnes (a brace of them) and all the jolly host.
We'll not forget one of them.  Not one.  For a whole day we will go it,
hammer and tongs.

And there are ever so many more things I shall want to do.  I shall
want to go and see the chestnuts at Bushey Park on Chestnut Sunday.  I
shall want to send Christmas cards, and light bonfires on the Fifth,
and make my young friends April fools on the First, and feel what a
tennis racket is like, and have hot cross buns on Good Friday and
pancakes on Shrove Tuesday.  I shall want to go and sit on the sands
and hear nigger minstrels again, and talk about the prospects of the
Boat Race, and take up all the pleasant threads of life that fell from
our hands nearly four years ago.  In short, I shall plunge into all the
old harmless gaieties that we have forgotten, have no time for, no
heart for, no use for to-day.

But the bus has stopped and I am turned out of Eden into the snow and
the slush and the never-ending night.  The magic chariot goes on with
its blazing lights, and a bend in the road quenches the pleasant vision
in darkness.




ON A COMIC GENIUS

"Like to see Harry Lauder?  Of course I should like to see Harry
Lauder.  But how can I decently go and see Harry Lauder with Lord
Devonport putting us on rations, with every hoarding telling me that
extravagance is a crime, and with Trafalgar Square aflame with commands
to me to go to the bank or the post-office and put every copper I have,
as well as every copper I can borrow, into the War Loan?  Do you
realise that the five shillings I should pay for a seat to see Harry
Lauder would, according to the estimate of the placards on the walls,
buy thirty-one and a half bullets to send to the Germans?  Now, on a
conservative estimate, those thirty-one and a half bullets ought to----"

"My dear fellow, Harry Lauder has subscribed L52,000 to the War Loan.
In going to see him, therefore, you are subscribing to the War Loan.
You are making him your agent.  You pass the cash on to him and he
passes the bullets on to the Germans.  It is a patriotic duty to go and
see Harry Lauder."

I fancy the reasoning was more ingenious than sound, but it seemed a
good enough answer to the hoardings, and I went.  It was a poor setting
for the great man--one of those dismal things called revues, that are
neither comedies nor farces, nor anything but shambling, hugger-mugger
contraptions into which you fling anything that comes handy, especially
anything that is suggestive of night-clubs, fast young men and faster
young women.  I confess that I prefer my Harry without these
accompaniments.  I like him to have the stage to himself.  I like Miss
Ethel Levy to be somewhere else when he is about.  I do not want
anything to come between me and the incomparable Harry any more than I
want anyone to help me to appreciate the Fifth Symphony by beating time
with his foot and humming the melody.

And for the same reason.  The Fifth Symphony or any other great work of
art creates a state of mind, a spiritual atmosphere, that is destroyed
by any intrusive and alien note.  And it is this faculty of creating a
state of feeling, an authentic atmosphere of his own, that is the
characteristic of the art of Harry Lauder, and the secret of the
extraordinary influence he exercises over his public.  If you are
susceptible to that influence the entrance of the quaint figure in the
Scotch cap, the kilt and the tartan gives you a sensation unlike
anything else on the stage or in life.  Like Bottom, you are
translated.  Your defences are carried by storm, your severities
disperse like the mist before the sun, you are no longer the man the
world knows; you are a boy, trooping out from Hamelin town with other
boys to the piping of the magician.  The burden has fallen off your
back, the dark mountain has opened like a gateway into the realms of
light and laughter, and you go through, dancing happy, to meet the
sunshine.

This atmosphere is not the result of conscious art or of acting in the
professional sense.  It would even be true to say that Harry Lauder is
not an actor at all.  Contrast him with the other great figure of the
music-hall stage in this generation, Albert Chevalier, and you will
understand what I mean.  Chevalier is never himself, but always
somebody else, and that somebody else is astonishingly real--an
incomparable coster, a serio-comic decayed actor, a simple old man
celebrating the virtues of his "Old Dutch."  With his great powers of
observation and imitativeness he gives you a subtle study of a type.
He is so much of an artist that his own personality never occurs to
you.  If Chevalier came on as Chevalier you would not know him.

But Harry Lauder is the most personal thing on the stage.  You do not
want him to imitate someone else: you want him to be just himself.  It
doesn't much matter what he does, and it doesn't much matter how often
you have seen him do it.  In fact, the oftener you have seen him do it
the better you like it.  His jokes may be old, but they are never
stale.  They ripen and mellow with time; they are like old friends and
old port that grow better with age.  His songs may be simple and
threadbare.  You don't care.  You just want him to go on singing them,
singing about the bluebells in the dells and the bonnie lassie, and the
heather-r, the bonnie pur-r-ple heather-r, and pausing to explain to
you the thrifty terms on which he has bought "the ring."  You want to
see him walk, you want to see him skip--oh, the incomparable drollery
of that demure little step!--you want to hear him talk, you want to
hear him laugh.  In short, you just want him to be there doing anything
he likes and making you happy and idyllic and childlike and forgetful
of all the burden and the mystery of this inexplicable world.

He has art, of course--great art; a tuneful voice; a rare gift of
voice-production, every word coming full and true, and with a delicate
sense of value; a shrewd understanding of the limits of his medium; a
sly, dry humour which makes his simple rusticity the vehicle of a
genial satire.  And his figure and his face add to his equipment.  His
walk is priceless.  His legs--oh, who shall describe those legs, those
exiguous legs, so brief and yet so expressive?  Clothed in his kilt and
his tartan, he is grotesque and yet not grotesque, but whimsical,
droll, a strange mixture of dignity and buffoonery.  Your first impulse
is to laugh at him, your next and enduring impulse is to laugh with
him.  You cannot help laughing with him if you have a laugh in you, for
his laugh is irresistible.  It is so friendly and companionable, so
full of intimacies, so open and sunny.

He comes to the footlights and talks, turns out his pockets and tells
you the history of the contents, or gossips of the ways of sailors, and
you gather round like children at a fair.  The sense of the theatre has
vanished.  You are not listening to an actor, but to an old friend who
is getting nearer and nearer to you all the time, until he seems to
have got you by the button and to be telling his drolleries to you
personally and chuckling in your own private ear.  There is nothing
comparable to this intimacy between the man and his audience.  It is
the triumph of a personality, so expansive, so rich in the humanities,
so near to the general heart, that it seems a natural element, a sort
of spirit of happiness, embodied and yet all-pervasive.

But perhaps you, sir, have not fallen under the spell.  If so, be not
scornful of us who have.  Be sorry for yourself.  Believe me, you have
missed one of the cheerful experiences of a rather drab world.




ON A VANISHED GARDEN

I was walking with a friend along the Spaniards Road the other evening,
talking on the inexhaustible theme of these days, when he asked: "What
is the biggest thing that has happened to this country as the outcome
of the war?"

"It is within two or three hundred yards from here," I replied.  "Come
this way and I'll show it to you."

He seemed a little surprised, but accompanied me cheerfully enough as I
turned from the road and led him through the gorse and the trees
towards Parliament Fields, until we came upon a large expanse of
allotments, carved out of the great playground, and alive with figures,
men, women, and children, some earthing up potatoes, some weeding onion
beds, some thinning out carrots, some merely walking along the patches
and looking at the fruits of their labour springing from the soil.
"There," I said, "is the most important result of the war."

He laughed, but not contemptuously.  He knew what I meant, and I think
he more than half agreed.

And I think you will agree, too, if you will consider what that stretch
of allotments means.  It is the symptom of the most important revival,
the greatest spiritual awakening this country has seen for generations.
Wherever you go that symptom meets you.  Here in Hampstead allotments
are as plentiful as blackberries in autumn.  A friend of mine who lives
in Beckenham tells me there are fifteen hundred in his parish.  In the
neighbourhood of London there must be many thousands.  In the country
as a whole there must be hundreds of thousands.  If dear old Joseph
Pels could revisit the glimpses of the moon and see what is happening,
see the vacant lots and waste spaces bursting into onion beds and
potato patches, what joy would be his!  He was the forerunner of the
revival, the passionate pilgrim of the Vacant Lot; but his hot gospel
fell on deaf ears, and he died just before the trumpet of war awakened
the sleeper.

Do not suppose that the greatness of this thing that is happening can
be measured in terms of food.  That is important, but it is not the
most important thing.  The allotment movement will add appreciably to
our food supplies, but it will add far more to the spiritual resources
of the nation.  It is the beginning of a war on the disease that is
blighting our people.  What is wrong with us?  What is the root of our
social and spiritual ailment?  Is it not the divorce of the people from
the soil?  For generations the wholesome red blood of the country has
been sucked into the great towns, and we have seen grow up a vast
machine of industry that has made slaves of us, shut out the light of
the fields from our lives, left our children to grow like weeds in the
slums, rootless and waterless, poisoned the healthy instincts of nature
implanted in us, and put in their place the rank growths of the
streets.  Can you walk through a London working-class district or a
Lancashire cotton town, with their huddle of airless streets, without a
feeling of despair coming over you at the sense of this enormous
perversion of life into the arid channels of death?  Can you take pride
in an Empire on which the sun never sets when you think of the courts
in which, as Will Crooks says, the sun never rises?

And now the sun is going to rise.  We have started a revolution that
will not end until the breath of the earth has come back to the soul of
the people.  The tyranny of the machine is going to be broken.  The
dead hand is going to be lifted from the land.  Yes, you say, but these
people that I see working on the allotments are not the people from the
courts and the slums; but professional men, the superior artisan, and
so on.  That is true.  But the movement must get hold of the
_intelligenzia_ first.  The important thing is that the breach in the
prison is made: the fresh air is filtering in; the idea is born--not
still-born, but born a living thing.  It is a way of salvation that
will not be lost, and that all will traverse.

This is not mere dithyrambic enthusiasm.  Take a man out of the street
and put him in a garden, and you have made a new creature of him.  I
have seen the miracle again and again.  I know a bus conductor, for
example, outwardly the most ordinary of his kind.  But one night I
touched the key of his soul, mentioned allotments, and discovered that
this man was going about his daily work irradiated by the thought of
his garden triumphs.  He had got a new purpose in life.  He had got the
spirit of the earth in his bones.  It is not only the humanising
influence of the garden, it is its democratising influence too.

  When Adam delved and Eve span,
  Where was then the gentleman?

You can get on terms with anybody if you will discuss gardens.  I know
a distinguished public servant and scholar whose allotment is next to
that of a bricklayer.  They have become fast friends, and the
bricklayer, being the better man at the job, has unconsciously assumed
the role of a kindly master encouraging a well-meaning but not very
competent pupil.

And think of the cleansing influence of all this.  Light and air and
labour--these are the medicines not of the body only, but of the soul.
It is not ponderable things alone that are found in gardens, but the
great wonder of life, the peace of nature, the influences of sunsets
and seasons and of all the intangible things to which we can give no
name, not because they are small, but because they are outside the
compass of our speech.  In the great legend of the Fall the spiritual
disaster of Man is symbolised by his exclusion from a garden, and the
moral tragedy of modern industrialism is only the repetition of that
ancient fable.  Man lost his garden, and with it that tranquillity of
soul that is found in gardens.  He must find his way back to Eden if he
is to recover his spiritual heritage, and though Eden is but a
twenty-pole allotment in the midst of a hundred other twenty-pole
allotments, he will find it as full of wonder and refreshment as the
garden of Epicurus.  He will not find much help from the God that Mr.
Wells has discovered, or invented, but the God that dwells in gardens
is sufficient for all our needs--let the theologians say what they will.

  Not God in gardens?  When the eve is cool?
  Nay, but I have a sign--
  'Tis very sure God walks in mine.


No one who has been a child in a garden will doubt the sign, or lose
its impress through all his days.  I know, for I was once a child whose
world was a garden.

      *      *      *      *      *

It lay a mile away from the little country town, shut out from the road
by a noble hedge, so high that even Jim Berry, the giant coal-heaver,
the wonder and the terror of my childhood, could not see over, so thick
that no eye could peer through.  It was a garden of plenty, but also a
garden of the fancy, with neglected corners, rich in tangled growths
and full of romantic possibilities.  It was in this wilder terrain that
I had found the hedgehog, here, too, had seen the glow-worm's delicate
light, and here, with my brain excited by "The Story of the Hundred
Days," that I knew the Frenchmen lurked in ambush while I at the head
of my gallant troop of the Black Watch was careering with magnificent
courage across the open country where the potatoes and the rhubarb and
the celery grew.

It was ever the Black Watch.  Something in the name thrilled me.  And
when one day I packed a little handbag with a nightgown and started out
to the town where the railway station was, it was to Scotland I was
bound and the Black Watch in which I meant to enlist.  It occurred to
me on the road that I needed money and I returned gravely and asked my
mother for half a crown.  She was a practical woman and brought me back
to the prose of things with arguments suitable to a very youthful mind.

The side windows of the house commanded the whole length of the garden
to where at the end stood the pump whence issued delicious ice-cold
water brought up from a well so deep that you could imagine Australia
to be not far from the bottom.

If only I could get to Australia!  I knew it lay there under my feet
with people walking along head downwards and kangaroos hopping about
with their young in their pockets.  It was merely a question of digging
to get there.  I chose a sequestered corner and worked all a summer
morning with a heavy spade in the fury of this high emprise, but I only
got the length of the spade on the journey and retired from the task
with a sense of the bitter futility of life.

Never was there a garden more rich in fruit.  Around the western wall
of the house was trained a noble pear tree that flung its arms with
engaging confidence right up to my bedroom window.  They were hard
pears that ripened only in keeping, and at Christmas melted rich and
luscious in the mouth.  They were kept locked up in the tool-shed, but
love laughs at locksmiths, and my brother found it possible to remove
the lock without unlocking it by tearing out the whole staple from its
socket.  My father was greatly puzzled by the tendency of the pears to
diminish, but he was a kindly, unsuspecting man who made no
disagreeable inquiries.

Over the tool-shed grew a grape vine.  The roof of the shed was
accessible by a filbert tree, the first of half a dozen that lined the
garden on the side remote from the road.  On sunny days there was no
pleasanter place to lie than the top of the shed, with the grapes,
small but pleasant to the thirsty palate, ripening thick around you.  A
point in favour of the spot was that it was visible from no window.
One could lie there and eat the fruit without annoying interruptions.

Equally retired was the little grass-grown path that branched off from
the central gravelled path which divided the vegetable from the fruit
garden.  Here, by stooping down, one was hidden from prying eyes that
looked from the windows by the thick rows of gooseberry bushes and
raspberry canes that lined the path.  It was my favourite spot, for
there grew a delicious gooseberry that I counted above all
gooseberries, small and hairy and yellow, with a delicate flavour that
is as vivid to-day as if the forty years that lie between now and then
were but a day.  By this path, too, grew the greengage trees.  With
caution, one could safely sample the fruit, and at the worst one was
sure to find some windfalls among the strawberry beds beyond the
gooseberry bushes.

I loved that little grass-grown path for its seclusion as well as for
its fruit.  Here, with "Monte Cristo" or "Hereward the Wake," or "The
Yellow Frigate," or a drawing-board, one could forget the tyrannies of
school and all the buffets of the world.  Here was the place to take
one's griefs.  Here it was that I wept hot tears at the news of
Landseer's death--Landseer, the god of my young idolatry, whose dogs
and horses, deer and birds I knew line by line through delighted
imitation.  It seemed on that day as though the sun had gone out of the
heavens, as though the pillars of the firmament had suddenly given way.
Landseer dead!  What then was the worth of living?  But the wave of
grief passed.  I realised that the path was now clear before me.  While
Landseer lived I was cribbed, cabined, confined; but now----  My eyes
cleared as I surveyed the magnificent horizon opening out before me.  I
must have room to live with this revelation.  The garden was too narrow
for such limitless thoughts to breathe in.  I stole from the gate that
led to the road by the pump and sought the wide meadows and the
riverside to look this vast business squarely in the face.  And for
days the great secret of my future that I carried with me made the
burden of a dull, unappreciative world light.  Little did those who
treated me as an ordinary idle boy know.  Little did my elder brother,
who ruled me with a rod of iron, realise that one day, when I was
knighted and my pictures hung thick on the Academy walls, he would
regret his harsh treatment!

But to return to the garden.  The egg-plum tree had no favour in my
sight.  Its position was too open and palpable.  And indeed I cared not
for the fruit.  It was too large and fleshy for my taste.  But the
apple trees!  These were the chief glory of the garden.  Winter apple
trees with fruit that ripened in secret; paysin trees with fruit that
ripened on the branches, fruit small with rich crimson splashes on the
dark green ground; hawthorndean trees with fruit, large, yellow-green,
into which the teeth crunched with crisp and juicy joy.  There was one
hawthorndean most thoughtfully situated behind the tool-shed.  And near
by stood some props providentially placed there for domestic purposes.
They were the keys with which I unlocked the treasure house.

A large quince tree grew on the other side of the hedge at the end of
the garden.  It threw its arms in a generous, neighbourly way over the
hedge, and I knew its austere fruit well.  Some of it came to me from
its owner, an ancient man, "old Mr. Lake," who on summer days used to
toss me largess from his abundance.  The odour of a quince always
brings back to me the memory of a sunny garden and a little old man
over the hedge crying, "Here, my boy, catch!"

I have said nothing of that side of the garden where the vegetables
grew.  It was dull prose, relieved only by an occasional apple tree.
The flowers in the fruit garden and by the paths were old-fashioned
favourites, wallflowers and mignonette, stocks and roses.  And over the
garden gate grew a spreading lilac whose tassels the bold militiamen,
who camped not far away, would gaily pluck as they passed on the bright
May days.  I did not resent it.  I was proud that these brave fellows
in their red coats should levy tribute on our garden.  It seemed
somehow to link me up with the romance of war.  By the kitchen door
grew an elderberry tree, whose heavy and unpleasant odour was borne for
the sake of the coming winter nights, when around the fire we sat with
our hot elderberry wine and dipped our toast into the rich, steaming
product of that odorous tree--nights when the winter apples came out
from the chest, no longer hard and sour, but mellow and luscious as a
King William pear in August, and when out in the garden all was dark
and mysterious, gaunt trees standing out against the sky, where in the
far distance a thin luminance told of the vast city beneath.

I passed by the old road recently, and sought the garden of my
childhood.  I sought in vain.  A big factory had come into the little
town, and workmen's dwellings had sprung up in its train.  Where the
garden had been there was now a school, surrounded by cottages, and
children played on the doorsteps or in the little back yards, which
looked on to other little back yards and cottages beyond.  My garden
with its noble hedge and its solitude, its companionable trees and
grass-grown paths, had vanished.  It was the garden of a dream.




ALL ABOUT A DOG

It was a bitterly cold night, and even at the far end of the bus the
east wind that raved along the street cut like a knife.  The bus
stopped, and two women and a man got in together and filled the vacant
places.  The younger woman was dressed in sealskin, and carried one of
those little Pekinese dogs that women in sealskin like to carry in
their laps.  The conductor came in and took the fares.  Then his eye
rested with cold malice on the beady-eyed toy dog.  I saw trouble
brewing.  This was the opportunity for which he had been waiting, and
he intended to make the most of it.  I had marked him as the type of
what Mr. Wells has called the Resentful Employee, the man with a
general vague grievance against everything and a particular grievance
against passengers who came and sat in his bus while he shivered at the
door.

"You must take that dog out," he said with sour venom.

"I shall certainly do nothing of the kind.  You can take my name and
address," said the woman, who had evidently expected the challenge and
knew the reply.

"You must take that dog out--that's my orders."

"I won't go on the top in such weather.  It would kill me," said the
woman.

"Certainly not," said her lady companion.  "You've got a cough as it
is."

"It's nonsense," said her male companion.  The conductor pulled the
bell and the bus stopped.  "This bus doesn't go on until that dog is
brought out."  And he stepped on to the pavement and waited.  It was
his moment of triumph.  He had the law on his side and a whole busful
of angry people under the harrow.  His embittered soul was having a
real holiday.

The storm inside rose high.  "Shameful"; "He's no better than a
German"; "Why isn't he in the Army?"; "Call the police"; "Let's all
report him"; "Let's make him give us our fares back"; "Yes, that's it,
let's make him give us our fares back."  For everybody was on the side
of the lady and the dog.

That little animal sat blinking at the dim lights in happy
unconsciousness of the rumpus of which he was the cause.

The conductor came to the door.  "What's your number?" said one, taking
out a pocketbook with a gesture of terrible things.  "There's my
number," said the conductor imperturbably.  "Give us our fares
back--you've engaged to carry us--you can't leave us here all night."
"No fares back," said the conductor.

Two or three passengers got out and disappeared into the night.  The
conductor took another turn on the pavement, then went and had a talk
with the driver.  Another bus, the last on the road, sailed by
indifferent to the shouts of the passengers to stop.  "They stick by
each other--the villains," was the comment.

Someone pulled the bell violently.  That brought the driver round to
the door.  "Who's conductor of this bus?" he said, and paused for a
reply.  None coming, he returned to his seat and resumed beating his
arms across his chest.  There was no hope in that quarter.  A policeman
strolled up and looked in at the door.  An avalanche of indignant
protests and appeals burst on him.  "Well, he's got his rules, you
know," he said genially.  "Give your name and address."  "That's what
he's been offered, and he won't take it."  "Oh," said the policeman,
and he went away and took his stand a few yards down the street, where
he was joined by two more constables.

And still the little dog blinked at the lights, and the conductor
walked to and fro on the pavement like a captain on the quarter-deck in
the hour of victory.  A young woman, whose voice had risen high above
the gale inside, descended on him with an air of threatening and
slaughter.  He was immovable--as cold as the night and hard as the
pavement.  She passed on in a fury of impotence to the three policemen,
who stood like a group of statuary up the street watching the drama.
Then she came back, imperiously beckoned to her "young man" who had sat
a silent witness of her rage, and vanished.  Others followed.  The bus
was emptying.  Even the dashing young fellow who had demanded the
number, and who had declared he would see this thing through if he sat
there all night, had taken an opportunity to slip away.

Meanwhile the Pekinese party were passing through every stage of
resistance to abject surrender.  "I'll go on the top," said the
sealskin lady at last.  "You mustn't."  "I will."  "You'll have
pneumonia."  "Let me take it."  (This from the man.)  "Certainly
not"--she would die with her dog.  When she had disappeared up the
stairs, the conductor came back, pulled the bell, and the bus went on.
He stood sourly triumphant while his conduct was savagely discussed in
his face by the remnant of the party.

Then the engine struck work, and the conductor went to the help of the
driver.  It was a long job, and presently the lady with the dog stole
down the stairs and re-entered the bus.  When the engine was put right
the conductor came back and pulled the bell.  Then his eye fell on the
dog, and his hand went to the bell-rope again.  The driver looked
round, the conductor pointed to the dog, the bus stopped, and the
struggle recommenced with all the original features, the conductor
walking the pavement, the driver smacking his arm on the box, the
little dog blinking at the lights, the sealskin lady declaring that she
would not go on the top--and finally going....

"I've got my rules," said the conductor to me when I was the last
passenger left behind.  He had won his victory, but felt that he would
like to justify himself to somebody.

"Rules," I said, "are necessary things, but there are rules and rules.
Some are hard and fast rules, like the rule of the road, which cannot
be broken without danger to life and limb.  But some are only rules for
your guidance, which you can apply or wink at, as common sense
dictates--like that rule about the dogs.  They are not a whip put in
your hand to scourge your passengers with, but an authority for an
emergency.  They are meant to be observed in the spirit, not in the
letter--for the comfort and not the discomfort of the passengers.  You
have kept the rule and broken its spirit.  You want to mix your rules
with a little goodwill and good temper."

He took it very well, and when I got off the bus he said "Good night"
quite amiably.




ON THE AMERICAN SOLDIER

I hope the young American soldier, with whom we are becoming so
familiar in the street, the tube and the omnibus, has found us as
agreeable as we have found him.  We were not quite sure whether we
should like him, but the verdict is very decisively in the affirmative.
It has been my fortune to know many Americans in the past, but they
were for the most part selected Americans, elderly persons, statesmen,
writers, diplomatists, journalists, and so on.  Not having been in
America I had not realised what the plain, average citizen, especially
the young citizen, was like.  Now he is here, walking our streets and
rubbing shoulders with us in sufficient numbers for a general
impression to be taken.  It is a pleasant impression.  I like the air
of plenty that he carries with him, the well-nourished body, the sense
of ease with himself and the world, the fund of good nature that he
seems to have at command, the frankness of bearing, and, what was least
expected, the touch of self-conscious modesty that is rarely absent.

If I may say so without offending him, he seems extraordinarily
English.  Physically he is rather bulkier than the average English
youth, and his accent distinguishes him; but these differences only
serve to sharpen the impression that he is one of ourselves who has
been away somewhere--in a civilised land, where the larder is full, the
schools plenty, and the family life homely and cordial.  It is very
rare that you see what you would call a foreign face in the uniform.
This is singular in view of the mighty stream of immigration from
Continental countries that has been flowing for three-quarters of a
century into the melting pot of the United States; but I do not think
the fact can be doubted.  The blood is more mixed than ours, but the
main current is emphatically British.

Perhaps the difference that is observable could be expressed by saying
that the American is not so much reminiscent of ourselves as of our
forebears.  He suggests a former generation rather than this.  We have
grown sophisticated, urban, and cynical; he still has the note of the
country and of the older fashions that persist in the country.  Lowell
long ago pointed out that many of the phrases which we regarded as
American slang were good old East Anglian words which had been taken
out by the early settlers in New England and persisted there after they
had been forgotten by us.  And in the same way the moral tone of the
American to-day is like an echo from our past.  He preserves the
fervour for ideals which we seem to have lost.  There is something of
the revivalist in him, something elemental and primitive that responds
to a moral appeal.

It is this abiding strain of English Puritanism which is responsible
for the tidal wave of temperance that has swept the United States.
Already nearly half the States have gone "bone dry," and it is
calculated that, perhaps in two years, certainly in five, with the
present temper in being, the whole of the Union will have banished the
liquor traffic.  A moral phenomenon of this sort might have been
possible in the England of two or three generations ago; it is
unthinkable in the moral atmosphere of to-day.  The industrial machine
has dried up the spring of moral enthusiasm.  It will only return by a
new way of life.  Perhaps the new way of life is beginning in the
allotment movement which is restoring to us the primal sanities of
nature.  We may find salvation in digging.

It is sometimes said that the American is crude.  It would be truer to
say that he is young.  He has not suffered the disenchantment of an old
and thoroughly exploited society.  We have the qualities of a middle
aged people who have lost our visions and are rather ashamed to be
reminded that we ever had any.  But a youthful ardour and buoyancy is
the note of the American.  He may think too much in the terms of
dollars, but he has freshness and vitality, faith in himself, a boyish
belief in his future and a boyish zest in living.  His good temper is
inexhaustible, and he has the easy-going manner of one who has plenty
of time and plenty of elbow-room in the world.

For contrary to the common conception of him as a hurrying, bustling,
get-on-or-get-out young man, he is leisurely both in speech and action,
cool and unworried, equable of mood, little subject to the extremes of
emotion, bearing himself with a solid deliberateness that suggests
confidence in himself and inspires confidence in him.  You feel that he
will neither surprise you, nor let you down.

Not the least noticeable of his qualities is his accessibility.  The
common language, of course, is a great help, and the common traditions
also.  You are rarely quite at home with a man who thinks in another
language than your own.  The Tower of Babel was a great misfortune for
humanity.  But it is not these things which give the American his
quality of immediate and easy intercourse.  There is no ice to break
before you get at him.  There is no baffling atmosphere of doubt and
hesitancy to get through; no fencing necessary to find out on what
social footing you are to stand.  You are on him at once--or rather he
is on you.  He comes into the open, without reserves of manner, and
talks "right ahead" with the candour and ease of a man who is at home
in the world and at home with you.  He is free alike from intellectual
priggishness and social aloofness.  He is just a plain man talking to a
plain man on equal terms.

It is the manner of the New World and of a democratic society in which
the Chief of the State is plain Mr. President, who may be the ruler of
a continent this year and may go back to his business as a private
citizen next year.  It is illustrated by the tribute which Frederick
Douglass, the negro preacher, paid to Lincoln.  "He treated me as a
man," said Douglass after his visit to the President.  "He did not let
me feel for a moment that there was any difference in the colour of our
skins."  It is a fine testimony, but I do not suppose that Lincoln had
to make any effort to achieve such a triumph of good manners.  He
treated Douglass as a man and an equal because he was a man and an
equal, and because the difference in the colour of their skins had no
more to do with their essential relationship than the difference in the
colour of their ties or the shape of their boots.

The directness and naturalness of the American is the most enviable of
his traits.  It gives the sense of a man who is born free--free from
the irritating restraints, embarrassments and artificialities of a
society in which social caste and feudal considerations prevail as they
still prevail in most European countries.  Perhaps Germany is the most
flagrant example.  It used to be said by Goethe that there were
twenty-seven different social castes in Germany, and that none of them
would speak to the caste below.  And Mr. Gerard's description of the
Rat system suggests that the stratification of society has increased
rather than diminished since the days of Goethe.

The disease is not so bad in this country; but we cannot pretend that
we have the pure milk of democracy.  No people which tolerates titles,
and so deliberately sets up social discriminations in its midst and
false idols for its worship, can hope for the free, unobstructed
intercourse of a real democracy like that of America.  It was said long
ago by Daniel O'Connell that "the Englishman has all the qualities of a
poker except its occasional warmth."  It is a caricature, of course,
but there is truth in it.  We are icy because we are uncertain about
each other--not about each other as human beings, but about each
other's social status.  We have got the spirit of feudalism still in
our bones, and our public school system, our titles, and our
established Church system all tend to keep it alive, all work to cut up
society into social orders which are the negation of democracy.

And as if we had not enough of the abomination, we are imitating the
German Rat system with the grotesque O.B.E.  We shall get stiffer than
ever under this rain of sham jewellery, and shall not be fit to speak
to our American friends.  But we shall still be able to admire and envy
the fine freedom and human friendliness which is the conspicuous gift
of these stalwart young fellows who walk our streets in their
flat-brimmed hats.

Perhaps when the account of the war is made up we shall find that the
biggest credit entry of all is this fact that they did walk our streets
as comrades of our own sons.  For over a century we two peoples,
talking the same language and cherishing the same traditions of
liberty, have walked on opposites sides of the way, remembering old
grudges, forgetting our common heritage, forgetting even that we gave
the world its first and its grandest lead in peace by proclaiming the
disarmament of the Canadian-United States frontier.  Now the grudges
are forgotten, and we have found a reconciliation that will never again
be broken, and that will be the corner-stone of the new world-order
that is taking shape in the furnace of these days.




'APPY 'EINRICH

The waiter certainly was rather slow, or perhaps it was that we were
hungry and impatient.  In any case, I apologised to my guest, a young
fellow home on leave, and explained that the waiter was entitled to be
a little absent-minded, for he had lost two sons in the war and his
only remaining son had been invalided out of the Army, a permanent
wreck.

"He tells me," I said, "that the boy never talks about the war or his
experiences.  He just seems silent and numbed.  All that they know is
that he killed five Germans, and that he is sorry for one of them.  It
happened while he was on patrol.  There had been a good deal of
indignation at that part of the line because there had been cases
reported in which 'hands up' had been a trick for ensnaring some of our
men, and the order had been given that the signal was to be ignored and
those making it shot at sight.  It was twilight and a young German
soldier was seen running forward with his hands up.  The patrol fired
and he fell.  He was quite unarmed and alone.  On his body they found
letters from his sweetheart in England--old letters that he had
apparently carried with him all through the war.  They showed that he
had been at work at some place in London and had been engaged to be
married when the war broke out."

"Yes," said my companion, as the waiter came up with the fish.  "Yes,
when the enemy turns from an abstraction to an individual you generally
find there's something that makes you hate this killing business.  I
don't know that I have felt more sorry for any man's death in this war
than for that of a German.

"You've been to F----, haven't you?  You know that bit of line north of
the M---- road that you reach by the communication trench that is
always up to your knees in mud no matter how dry the weather is.  You
remember how close the lines are to each other at that point--not forty
yards apart?  I was there in a dull season."

"You were lucky," I said.  "It isn't often dull there."

"No, but it was then.  The Boche would drop over an occasional
whiz-bang as a reminder, and he'd have his usual afternoon cock-shy
over our heads at the last pinnacle standing on the ruins of the
cathedral in the town behind us.  But really there was nothing doing,
and we got rather chummy with the fellows over the way.  We'd put up a
target for them, and they'd do the same for us.  They'd got some decent
singers among them, and we'd shout for the 'Hate' song or 'Wacht am
Rhein' or 'Tannenbaum' or something of that sort and they always
obliged, and we gave them the best we had back.

"Yes, we got quite friendly, and one morning one of their men got up on
the parapet over the way, bowed very low, and shouted 'Goot morning.'
Our men answered, 'Morgen, Fritz.  How goes it?' and so on.  He was a
big fat fellow, with glasses, and a good-humoured face, and to our
great joy he began to sing a song in broken English.  And after he had
finished we called for more.  He had a real gift for comedy; seemed one
of those fellows who are sent into the world with their happiness ready
made.  He laughed a great gurgling laugh that made you laugh to hear
it.  Our chaps gave him no end of applause, and called for his name.
He beamed and bowed, said 'Thank you, genteelmen,' and said that his
name was Heinrich something or other.

"So we called him 'Appy 'Einrich,' and whenever our men were bored and
things had gone to sleep someone would sing out 'We want 'Einrich.
Send us 'Appy 'Einrich to give us a song.'  And up would come Heinrich
on to the parapet, red and smiling and bowing like a _prima donna_.
And off he would start with his programme.  He always seemed willing
and evidently greatly enjoyed his popularity with our fellows.

"This went on for some time, and then one day we got the news that we
were to be relieved at once.  We were to clear out that night and our
place was to be taken by a Scotch regiment.  You need not be told that
we were glad.  Life in the trenches when there is nothing doing is
about as deadly a weariness as man has invented.  We got our kit
together and when night fell and our relief had come we marched back
under the stars through F---- towards B----.

"We had been too much occupied with the prospect of release to give a
thought to the fellows over the road or to Heinrich.  I remembered him
afterwards and hoped that someone had told the new men that Heinrich
was a good sort and would always give them a bit of fun, if he was
asked, or even if he wasn't asked.

"Some weeks afterwards at B---- I ran across a man in the Scotch
regiment which had followed us in the trenches on the M---- road, and
we talked about things there.  'And how did you get on with Heinrich?'
I asked.  'Heinrich?' he said, 'Who is he?'  'Why, surely,' said I,
'you know Heinrich, the fat fellow across the way, who gets up on the
parapet and says "Goot morning," and sings comic songs?'  'Never heard
of him,' he said.  'Ah,' I said, 'he would have heard we were relieved
and didn't find you so responsive a crowd as we were.'  'Never heard of
him,' he repeated--then, after a pause, he added, 'There was an
incident the morning after we took over the line.  Some of our fellows
saw a bulky Boche climbing on to the parapet just across the way and
had a little target practice, and he went down in a heap.'  'That was
him,' I said, 'that was 'Appy 'Einrich.  What a beastly business war
is, and what ungrateful beggars we were to forget him!'

"Yes, a beastly business, killing men," he added.  "I don't wonder the
waiter's son doesn't want to talk about it.  We shall all be glad to
forget when we come out of hell."




ON FEAR

I am disposed to agree with Captain Dolbey that the man who knows no
fear exists only in the imagination of the lady novelist or those who
fight their battles at the base.  He is invented because these naive
people suppose that a hero who is conscious of fear ceases to be a
hero.  But the truth surely is that there would be no merit in being
brave if you had no fear.  The real victory of the hero is not over
outward circumstance, but over himself.  One of the bravest men of our
time is a man who was born timid and nervous and suffered tortures of
apprehension, and who set himself to the deliberate conquest of his
fears by challenging every danger that crossed his path and even going
out of his way to meet the things he dreaded.  By sheer will he beat
down the enemy within, and to the external world he seemed like a man
who knew no fear.  But the very essence of his heroism was that he had
fought fear and won.

It is time we got rid of the notion that there is anything
discreditable in knowing fear.  You might as well say that there is
something discreditable in being tempted to tell a falsehood.  The
virtue is not in having no temptation to lie, but in being tempted to
lie and yet telling the truth.  And the more you are tempted the more
splendid is the resistance.  Without temptation you may make a plaster
saint, but not a human hero.  That is why the familiar story of Nelson
when a boy--"Fear! grandmother.  I never saw fear.  What is it?"--is so
essentially false.  Nelson did some of the bravest things ever done by
man.  They were brave to the brink of recklessness.  The whole episode
of the battle of Copenhagen was a breathless challenge to all the
dictates of prudence.  On the facts one would be compelled to admit
that it was an act of uncalculating recklessness, except for one
incident which flashes a sudden light on the mind of Nelson and reveals
his astonishing command of himself and of circumstance.  When the issue
was trembling in the balance and every moment lost might mean disaster,
he prepared his audacious message of terms to the Crown Prince ashore.
It was a magnificent piece of what, in these days, we should call
camouflage.  When he had written it, a wafer was given him, but he
ordered a candle to be brought from the cockpit and sealed the letter
with wax, affixing a larger seal than he ordinarily used.  "This," said
he, "is no time to appear hurried and informal."  With such triumphant
self-possession could he trample on fear when he had a great end in
view.  But when there was nothing at stake he could be as fearful as
anybody, as in the accident to his carriage, recorded, I think, in
Southey's "Life of Nelson."

That incident of young Swinburne's climb of Culver Cliff, in the Isle
of Wight, expresses the common-sense of the matter very well.  At the
age of seventeen he wanted to be a cavalry officer, and he decided to
climb Culver Cliff, which was believed to be impregnable, "as a chance
of testing my nerve in the face of death which could not be surpassed."
He performed the feat, and then confessed his hardihood to his mother.

"Of course," he said, "she wanted to know why I had done such a thing,
and when I told her she laughed a short sweet laugh, most satisfactory
to the young ear, and said, 'Nobody ever thought you were a coward, my
boy.'  I said that was all very well, but how could I tell till I
tried?  'But you won't do it again?' she said.  I replied, 'Of course
not--where would be the fun?'"

It was not that he had no fear: it was that he wanted to convince
himself that he was able to master his fear when the emergency came.
Having discovered that he had fear under his control there was no sense
in taking risks for the mere sake of taking them.

Most fears are purely subjective, the phantoms of a too vivid mind.  I
was looking over a deserted house situated in large grounds in the
country the other day.  It had been empty since the beginning of the
war.  Up to then it had been occupied by a man in the shipping trade.
On the day that war was declared he rushed into the house and cried,
"We have declared war on Germany; I am ruined."  Then he went out and
shot himself.  Had his mind been disciplined against panic he would
have mastered his fears, and would have discovered that he had the luck
to be in a trade which has benefited by the war more, perhaps, than any
other.

In this case it was the sudden impact of fear that overthrew reason
from its balance, but in other cases fear is a maggot in the brain that
grows by brooding.  There is a story of Maupassant's, which illustrates
how a man who is not a coward may literally die of fright, by dwelling
upon fear.  He had resented the conduct of a man in a restaurant, who
had stared insolently at a lady who was with him.  His action led to a
challenge from the offender, and an arrangement to meet next morning.
When he got home, instead of going to bed, he began to wonder who his
foe was, to hunt for his name in directories, to recall the cold
assurance of his challenge, and to invest him with all sorts of terrors
as a marksman.  As the night advanced he passed through all the stages
from anxious curiosity to panic, and when his valet called him at dawn
he found a corpse.  Like the shipowner, he had shot himself to escape
the terrors of his mind.

It is the imaginative people who suffer most from fear.  Give them only
a hint of peril, and their minds will explore the whole circumference
of disastrous consequences.  It is not a bad thing in this world to be
born a little dull and unimaginative.  You will have a much more
comfortable time.  And if you have not taken that precaution, you will
do well to have a prosaic person handy to correct your fantasies.
Therein Don Quixote showed his wisdom.  In the romantic theatre of his
mind perils rose like giants on every horizon; but there was always
Sancho Panza on his donkey, ready to prick the bubbles of his master
with the broadsword of his incomparable stupidity.




ON BEING CALLED THOMPSON

Among my letters this morning was one which annoyed me, not by its
contents, but by its address.  My name (for the purposes of this
article) is Thomson, but my correspondent addressed me as Thompson.
Now I confess I am a little sensitive about that "p."  When I see it
wedged in the middle of my name I am conscious of an annoyance
altogether disproportioned to the fact.  I know that taken in the lump
the Thompsons are as good as the Thomsons.  There is not a pin to
choose between us.  In the beginning we were all sons of some Thomas or
other, and as surnames began to develop this man called himself Thomson
and that man called himself Thompson.  Why he should have spatchcocked
a "p" into his name I don't know.  I daresay it was pride on his part,
just as it is my pride not to have a "p."

Or perhaps the explanation is that offered by Fielding, the novelist.
He belonged to a branch of the Earl of Denbigh's family, but the
Denbighs spelt their family name Feilding.  When the novelist was asked
to explain the difference between the rendering of his name and theirs,
he replied: "I suppose they don't know how to spell."  That is probably
the case of the Thompsons.  They don't know how to spell.

But whatever the origin of these variations we are attached to our own
forms with obstinate pride.  We feel an outrage on our names as if it
were an outrage on our persons.  It was such an outrage that led to one
of Stevenson's most angry outbursts.  Some American publisher had
pirated one of his books.  But it was not the theft that angered him so
much as the misspelling of his name.  "I saw my book advertised as the
work of R. L. Stephenson," he says, "and I own I boiled.  It is so easy
to know the name of a man whose book you have stolen, for there it is
full length on the title-page of your booty.  But no, damn him, not he!
He calls me Stephenson."  I am grateful to Stevenson for that word.  It
expresses my feelings about the fellow who calls me Thompson.
Thompson, indeed!

I felt at this moment almost a touch of sympathy with that snob, Sir
Frederic Thesiger, the uncle of the first Lord Chelmsford.  He was
addressed one day as "Mr. Smith," and the blood of all the Thesigers
(whoever they may have been) boiled within him.  "Do I look like a
person of the name of Smith?" he asked scornfully, and passed on.  And
as the blood of all the Thomsons boils within me I ask, "Do I look like
a person of the name of Thompson?  Now do I?"  And yet I suppose one
may fall as much in love with the name of Smith as with the name of
Thesiger, if it happens to be one's own.  I should like to try the
experiment on Sir F. E. Smith.  I should like to address him as Sir
Frederic Thesiger and see how the blood of all the Smiths would take it.

It is, I suppose, the feeling of the loss of our identity that annoys
us when people play tricks with our names.  We want to be ourselves and
not somebody else.  We don't want to be cut off from our ancestry and
the fathers that begat us.  We may not know much about our ancestors,
and may not care much about them.  Most of us, I suppose, are in the
position of Sydney Smith.  "I found my neighbours," he said, "were
looking up their family tree, and I thought I would do the same, but I
only got as far back as my great-grandfather, _who disappeared
somewhere about the time of the Assizes_."  If we go far enough back we
shall all find ancestors who disappeared about the time of the Assizes,
or, still worse, ought to have disappeared and didn't.  But, such as
they are, we belong to them, and don't want to be confounded with those
fellows, the Thompsons.

And there is another reason for the annoyance.  To misspell a man's
name is to imply that he is so obscure and so negligible that you do
not know how to address him and that you think so meanly of him that
you need not trouble to find out.  It is to offer him the subtlest of
all insults--especially if he is a Scotsman.  The old prides and
hatreds of the clans still linger in the forms of the Scotch names, and
I believe you may make a mortal enemy of, let us say, Mr. Macdonald by
calling him Mr. M'Donald or _vice versa_.  Indeed, I recall the case of
a malignant Scotch journalist who used systematically to spell a
political opponent's name M'Intosh instead of Mackintosh because he
knew it made him "boil," as Stephenson made R. L. S. boil or as
Thompson makes me boil.

Nor is this reverence for our names a contemptible vanity.  I like a
man who stands by his name and distrust the man who buys, borrows, or
steals another.  I have never thought so well of Bishop Percy, the
author of "Percy's Reliques," since I discovered that his real name was
Piercy, and that, being the son of a grocer, he knocked his "i" out and
went into the Church, in order to set up a claim to belong to the house
of the Duke of Northumberland.  He even put the Percy arms on his
monument in Dromore Cathedral, and, not content with changing his own
name, altered the maiden name of his wife from Gutteridge to Godriche.
I am afraid Bishop Percy was a snob.

There are, of course, cases in which men change their names for
reputable reasons, to continue a distinguished family association and
so on; but the man who does it to cover up his tracks has usually
"something rotten about him," as Johnson would say.  He stamps himself
as a counterfeit coin, like M. Fellaire in Anatole France's "Jocaste."
When he first started business his brass plate ran "Fellaire (de
Sisac)."  On removing to new premises he dropped the parentheses and
put up a plate with "Fellaire, de Sisac."  Changing residence again, he
dropped the comma and became "Fellaire de Sisac."

It is possible of course to go to the other extreme--to err, as it
were, on the side of honesty.  I know a lady who began life with the
maiden name of Bloomer.  She married a Mr. Watlington and became Mrs.
Bloomer-Watlington.  Her husband died and she married a Mr. Dodd,
whereupon she styled herself Mrs. Bloomer-Watlington-Dodd.  She is
still fairly young and Mr. Dodd, I regret to say, is in failing health.
Already I have to write her name in smallish characters to get it into
a single line on the envelope.  I see the time approaching when I shall
have to turn over and write, let us say,

[Illustration: handwritten "Mrs. Bloomer-Watlington-Dodd"]

There is no need to be so aggressively faithful to one's names as all
this.  It is hard on your children and trying to your friends, who may
have difficulty in remembering which husband came before the others.
After all, a name is only a label, and if it is honest the shorter it
is the better.

But the spirit of the thing is right.  Let us avoid disguises.  Let us
stick to our names, be they ever so humble.  Let us follow the great
example of Cicero.  His name originated with an ancestor who had a nick
or dent at the tip of his nose which resembled the opening in a
vetch--_cicer_.  When he was standing for public office some anxious
friends suggested that the young man should assume a nobler name, but
he declined, saying that he would make the name of Cicero more glorious
than the Scauri or Catuli.  And grandly did he redeem the promise.  The
Scauri and the Catuli live to-day only by the fact that Cicero once
mentioned them, while we know Cicero far better than we know our next
door neighbour.  It is a good precedent for Thomson.  I have a mind to
make that name outlast the Cecils and Marlboroughs, if not the
Pyramids.  And cursed be he who desecrates it with a "p."




ON THINKING FOR ONE'S SELF

A friend of mine, to whom I owe so much of my gossip that I sometimes
think that he does the work and I only take the collection, told me the
other day of an incident at a picture exhibition which struck me as
significant of a good deal that is wrong with us to-day.  He observed
two people in ecstasies before a certain landscape.  It was quite a
nice picture, but my friend thought their praises were extravagant.
Suddenly one of the two turned to the catalogue.  "Why, this is not the
Leader picture at all," said she.  "It is No. So-and-so."  And
forthwith the two promptly turned away from the picture they had been
admiring so strenuously, found No. So-and-So, and fell into raptures
before that.

Now I am not going to make fun of these people.  I am not going to make
fun of them because I am not sure that I don't suffer from their
infirmity.  If I don't I am certainly an exceptional person, for the
people who really think for themselves are almost as scarce as virtuous
people were found to be in the Cities of the Plain.  We are most of us
second-hand thinkers, and second-hand thinkers are not thinkers at all.
Those good people before the picture were not thinking their own
thoughts: they were thinking what they thought was the right thing to
think.  They had the luck to find themselves out.  Probably it did not
do them any good, but at least they knew privately what humbugs they
were, what empty echoes of an echo they had discovered themselves to
be.  They had been taught--heaven help them!--to admire those vacant
prettinesses of Leader and they were so docile that they admired
anything they believed to be his even when it wasn't his.

It reminds me of the story of the two Italians who quarrelled so long
and so bitterly over the relative merits of Tasso and Ariosto that at
last they fought a duel.  And as they lay dying on the ground one of
them said to the other, "And to think that I have never read a line of
them."  "Nor I either," said the other.  Then they expired.  I do not
suppose that story is true in fact, but it is true in spirit.  Men are
always dying for other people's opinions, prejudices they have
inherited from somebody else, ideas they have borrowed second-hand.
Many of us go through life without ever having had a genuine thought of
our own on any subject of the mind.  We think in flocks and once in the
flock we go wherever the bellwether leads us.

It is not only the ignorant who are afflicted with this servility of
mind.  Horace Walpole was enraptured with the Rowley Poems when he
thought they were the work of a mediaeval monk: when he found they were
the work of Chatterton himself his interest in them ceased and he
behaved to the poet like a cad.  Yet the poems were far more wonderful
as the productions of the "marvellous boy" of sixteen than they would
have been as the productions of a man of sixty.  The literary world of
the eighteenth century thought Ossian hardly inferior to Homer; but
when Macpherson's forgery was indisputable it dropped the imposture
into the deepest pit of oblivion.  Yet, as poetry, it was as good or
bad--I have never read it--in the one case as in the other.

There is a delicious story told by Anatole France which bears on this
subject.  In some examination in Paris the Military Board gave the
candidates a piece of dictation consisting of an unsigned page.  It was
printed in the papers as an example of bad French.  "Wherever did these
military fellows," it was asked, "find such a farrago of uncouth and
ridiculous phrases?"  In his own literary circles Anatole France
himself heard the passage held up to laughter and torn to tatters.  The
critic who laughed loudest, he says, was an enthusiastic admirer of
Michelet.  Yet the passage was from Michelet himself, from Michelet at
his best, from Michelet in his finest period.  How the great sceptic
must have enjoyed that evening!

It is not that we cannot think.  It is that we are afraid to think.  It
is so much easier to go with the tide than against it, to shout with
the crowd than to stand lonely and suspect in the midst of it.  Even
some of us who try to escape this hypnotism of the flock do not succeed
in thinking independently.  We only succeed in getting into other
flocks.  Think of that avalanche of crazy art that descended on us some
years ago, the Cubists and Dottists and Spottists and Futurists and
other cranks, who filled London with their shows, and set all the
"advanced" people singing their praises.  They were not real praises
that expressed genuine feeling.  They were the artificial enthusiasms
of people who wanted to join in the latest fashion.  They would rave
over any imbecility rather than not be in the latest fashion--rather
than not be thought clever enough to find a meaning in things that had
no meaning.

We are too timid to think alone, too humble to trust our own feeling or
our own judgment.  We want some authority to lean up against, and when
we have got it we mouth its shibboleths with as little independent
thought as children reciting the "twice-times" table.  I would rather a
man should think ignorantly than that he should be merely an echo.  I
once heard an Evangelical clergyman in the pulpit, speaking of
Shakespeare, gravely remark that he "could never see anything in that
writer."  I smiled at his naivete, but I respected his courage.  He
couldn't see anything in Shakespeare and he was too honest to pretend
that he could.  That is far better than the affectations with which men
conceal the poverty of their minds and their intellectual servility.

In other days the man that dared to think for himself ran the risk of
being burned.  Giordano Bruno, who was himself burned, has left us a
description of the Oxford of his day which shows how tyrannical
established thought can be.  Aristotle was almost as sacred as the
Bible, and the University statutes enacted that "Bachelors and Masters
who did not follow Aristotle faithfully were liable to a fine of five
shillings for every point of divergence and for every fault committed
against the Logic of the Organon."  We have liberated thought from the
restraints of the policeman and the executioner since then, but in
liberating it we have lost our reverence for its independence and
integrity.  We are free to think as we please, and so most of us cease
to think at all, and follow the fashions of thought as servilely as we
follow the fashions in hats.

The evil, I suppose, lies in our education.  We standardise our
children.  We aim at making them like ourselves instead of teaching
them to be themselves--new incarnations of the human spirit, new
prophets and teachers, new adventurers in the wilderness of the world.
We are more concerned about putting our thoughts into their heads than
in drawing their thoughts out, and we succeed in making them rich in
knowledge but poor in wisdom.  They are not in fear of the stake, but
they are in fear of the judgment of the world, which has no more title
to respect than those old statutes of Oxford which we laugh at to-day.
The truth, I fear, is that thought does not thrive on freedom.  It only
thrives under suppression.  We need to have our liberties taken away
from us in order to discover that they are worth dying for.




ON SAWING WOOD

I do not think this article will be much concerned with the great art
of sawing wood; but the theme of it came to me while I was engaged in
that task.  It was raining hard this morning, and it occurred to me
that it was a good opportunity to cut some winter logs in the barn.
The raw material of the logs lies at the end of the orchard in the
shape of sections of trunks and branches of some old apple trees which
David cut down for us last autumn, to enable us to extend the
potato-patch by digging up a part of the orchard.  I carried some of
the sections into the barn and began to saw, but I was out of practice
and had forgotten the trick.  The saw would go askew, the points would
dig in, and the whole operation seemed a clumsy failure.

Then I remembered.  You are over-doing it, I said.  You are making a
mess of the job by too much energy--misdirected energy.  The trick of
sawing wood is to work within your strength.  You are starting at it as
if you intended to saw through the log at one stroke.  It is the
mistake the Rumanians have made in Transylvania.  They bit off more
than they could chew.  You are biting off more than you can chew, and
you and the log and the saw get at cross purposes, with the results you
see.  The art of the business is to work easily and with a light hand,
to make the incision with a firm stroke that hardly touches the
surface, to move the saw forward lightly so that it barely touches the
wood, to draw it back at a shade higher elevation, and above all to
take your time and to avoid too much energy.  "Gently does it," is the
motto.

It is a lesson I am always learning and forgetting.  I suppose I am one
of those people who are afflicted with too eager a spirit.  We want a
thing done, but we cannot wait to do it.  We rush at the task with all
our might and expect it to surrender on the spot, and when it doesn't
surrender we lose patience, complain of our tools, and feel a grievance
against the perversity of things.  It reminds me of the remark which a
professional made to me at the practice nets long ago.  He was watching
a fast bowler who was slinging the ball at the batsman like a
whirlwind, and with disastrous results for himself.  "He would make a
good bowler," said the professional, "if he wouldn't try to bowl three
balls at once."  Recall any really great bowler you have known and you
will find that the chief impression he left on the mind was that of
ease and reserve power.  He was never spending up to the hilt.  There
was always something left in the bank.  I do not speak of the
medium-paced bowler, like Lohmann, whose action had a sort of artless
grace that masked the most wily and governed strategy; but of the fast
bowler, like Tom Richardson or Mold or even Spofforth.  With all their
physical energy, you felt that their heads were cool and that they had
something in hand.  There was passion, but it was controlled passion.

And if you have tried mowing a meadow you will know how much the art
consists in working within your powers, easily and rhythmically.  The
temptation to lay on with all your might is overpowering, and you stab
the ground and miss your stroke and exhaust yourself in sheer futility.
And then you watch John Ruddle at the job and see the whole secret of
the art reveal itself.  He will mow for three hours on end with never a
pause except to sharpen the blade with the whetstone he carries in his
hip pocket.  What a feeling of reserve there is in the beautiful
leisureliness of his action!  You could go to sleep watching him, and
you feel that he could go to sleep to his own rhythm, as the mother
falls asleep to her own swaying and crooning.  There is the experience
of a lifetime in that masterful technique, but the point is that the
secret of the technique is its restraint, its economy of effort, its
patience with the task, its avoidance of flurry and hurry, and of the
waste and exhaustion of over-emphasis.  At the bottom, all that John
Ruddle has learned is not to try to bowl three balls at once.  He is
always master of his job.

And if you chance to be a golfer, haven't you generally found that when
you are "off your game" it is because you have pitched the key, as it
were, too high?  You smite and fail, and smite harder and fail, and go
on increasing the effort, and as your effort increases so does your
futility.  You are playing over your strength.  You are screaming at
the ball instead of talking to it reasonably and sensibly.  Then
perhaps you remember, cut down your effort to the scope of your powers,
and, behold, the ball sails away on its errand with just the right
flight and just the right direction and just the right length.  And you
purr to yourself and learn once more that the art of doing things is
moderation.

It is so in all things.  The man who wins is the man who keeps cool,
whose effort is always proportioned to his power, who gives the
impression that there is more in him than ever comes out.  I have seen
many a man lose the argument, not because he had the worse case, but
because he was too eager, too impatient, too unrestrained in presenting
it.  What is the secret of the extraordinary influence which Viscount
Grey exercises over the mind but the grave moderation and reserve of
his style?  There are scores of more eloquent speakers, more nimble
disputants than he, but there has been no one in our time with the same
authority and finality of speech.  He conveys the sense of a mind
disciplined against passion, austere in its reserve, implacably honest,
understating itself with a certain cold aloofness that leaves
controversy silent.  Take his indictment of Germany as an example.  It
was as though the verdict of the Day of Judgment had fallen on Germany.
Yet it was a mere grave, dispassionate statement of the facts without a
word of extravagance or violence.  It was the naked truthfulness of it
that was so terrible and unanswerable.

And much the most impressive description I have seen of the horrors of
war was in the letter of a German artillery officer telling his
experiences in the first great battle of the Somme.  Yet the
characteristic of the letter was its plainness and freedom from any
straining after effect.  He just left the thing he described to speak
for itself in all its bare horror.  It was a lesson we people who write
would do well to remember.  Let us have fewer adjectives, good people,
fewer epithets.  Remember, the adjective is the enemy of the noun.  It
is the scream that drowns the sense, the passion that turns the
argument red in the face and makes it unbelievable.  Was it not
Stendhal who used to read the _Code Napoleon_ once a year to teach him
its severity of style?

      *      *      *      *      *

It is still raining.  I will return to the barn and practise the
philosophy of moderation on those logs.




VARIATIONS ON AN OLD THEME

I

A soldier, whom I met in the train the other day, said that the most
unpleasant thing in his experience of the war was the bodies which got
caught in the barbed wire in No Man's Land, and had to be left
corrupting in the sun.  "It isn't healthy," he said.  There was no
affectation of bravado in the remark.  He made it quite simply, as if
he were commenting on the inclemency of the weather or the overheating
of the carriage.  It was not the tragedy of the thing that affected
him, but its insanitariness.  Yet he was obviously a kindly and humane
man, and he talked of his home with the yearning of an exile.  "It
makes you think something of your home," he said, speaking of the war.
"I shan't never want to leave my home when I get out of this, and I
shan't never grumble at the missus again," he added, as though
recalling the past.

I suppose everyone who has talked to soldiers back from the war has
been struck by this attitude of mind towards death.  I remember a
friend of mine, who was afterwards killed in the first battle of the
Somme while trying to save one of his men who had been wounded, telling
me of the horror of the first days of his experience of war, and of the
subsequent calm with which he saw a man who had been his friend blown
to pieces by his side.  "It is as though war develops another
integument," he said.  "Your sensibilities are atrophied.  Your nerve
ends are deadened.  Your normal feelings perish, and you become a part
of a machine that has no feelings--only functions."

In some measure the same phenomenon is apparent in the minds of most of
us.  There has not been since the Great Plague swept Europe 250 years
ago such a harvesting of untimely death as we have witnessed during the
last two and a half years.  If the ghostly army of the slain were to
file before you, passing in a rank of four for every minute that
elapsed, you could sit and watch it day and night for five years
without pause before the last of the phantom host had gone by.  And if
behind the dead there followed the maimed, blind, and mentally
shattered, you could sit on for twenty years and still the end of the
vast procession would not be in sight.  If we had been asked three
years ago whether the human mind could endure such a deliberate orgy of
death in its most terrible form, we should have said the thing was
incredible.  Yet we live through it without revolt, clamour about the
shortage of potatoes, crowd the cinemas to see the latest extravagance
of Charlie Chaplin, and have forgotten to glance at the daily tale of
dead that fills the obscure columns of the newspapers--such of them as
trouble any longer to give that tale at all.

It is not merely that we avert our eyes from the facts.  That is
certainly done.  You may go to see the "war pictures" at the cinema and
come away without supposing that they represent anything more than a
skilfully arranged entertainment--in which one attractive "turn"
follows another in swift succession.  Once they actually showed a man
falling dead, and there was a cry of indignation at such an outrage.
Ten millions have fallen dead, but we must not look on one to remind us
of the reality behind this pictured imposture.  There has never been a
lie on the scale of these "war pictures" that leave out the war and all
its sprawling ugliness, monotony, mutilation, and death.

But it is not this fact that explains our apparent indifference to the
Red Harvest.  We are like the dyer's hand.  We are subdued to what we
work in.  Even those who have been directly stricken find that they
bear the blow with a calm that astonishes themselves.  We have got into
a new habit of thought about death--in a sense a truer habit of
thought.  It used to be screened from the light of day, talked of in
hushed voices, surrounded with the mystery and aloofness of a terrible
divinity.  It has come into the open, brutal, naked, violent.  We
accept it as the commonplace it is, instead of enveloping it in a cloud
of tragic fear and strangeness.  The heart seems steeled to the blows
of fate, looks death steadily in the face, understands that the
individual life is merged in issues more vast than this little tale of
years that, at the most, is soon told.

It may be that, like the soldiers, our senses are only numbed by
events, and that when we come out of the nightmare the old feelings
will resume their sway.  But it will be long before they recover their
former tyranny over the mind.  This generation has companioned Death
too closely to see him again quite as the hooded terror of old.  And
that, I think, is a gain.  I have always felt that Johnson's morbid
attitude towards death was the weakest trait in a fine character, and
that George Selwyn's perpetual absorption in the subject was a form of
mental disease.  Montaigne, too, lived with the constant thought of the
imminence of death, so much so that if, when out walking, he remembered
something he wanted done, he wrote down the request at once, lest he
should not reach home alive.  But he was quite healthy in his thought.
It was not that he feared death, but that he did not want to be caught
unawares.

In this, as in most things, Caesar shone with that grand sanity that
makes him one of the most illuminated secular minds in history.  He
neither sought death nor shunned it.  When Hirtius and Pansa
remonstrated with him for going unprotected by a bodyguard, he
answered, "It is better to die once than always to go in fear of
death."  That is the common-sense attitude--as remote from the spirit
of the miser as from that of the spendthrift.  And that other comment
of his on death is equally deserving of recall.  He was dining the
night before his murder at the house of Decimus Brutus, who had joined
the conspiracy against him.  As he sat dispatching his letters, the
others talked of death and of that form of death which was preferable.
One of the group asked Caesar what death he would prefer.  He looked up
from his papers and said, "That which is least expected."  This was not
an old man's weariness of life such as that which made Lord Holland,
the father of Charles James Fox, write to Selwyn: "And yet the man I
envy most is the late Lord Chamberlain, for he is dead and he died
suddenly."  It was just the Roman courage that accepted death as an
incident of the journey.

Of that high courage the end of Antoninus Pius is an immortal memory.
As the Emperor lay dying in his tent the tribune of the night-watch
entered to ask the watchword.  "AEquanimitas," said Antoninus Pius, and
with that last word he, in the language of the historian, "turned his
face to the everlasting shadow."

With that grave calm the philosophy of the ancient world touched its
noblest expression.  It faced the shadow without illusions and without
fear.  It met death neither as an enemy, nor as a friend, but as an
implacable fact to be faced implacably.  Sir Thomas More met it like a
bridegroom.  In all the literature of death there is nothing comparable
with Roper's story of those last days in the Tower.  Who can read that
moving description of the farewell with his daughter Margaret (Roper's
wife) without catching its pity and its glory?  "In good faythe,
Maister Roper," said stout Sir William Kingstone, the gaoler, "I was
ashamed of myself that at my departing from your father I found my
harte soe feeble and his soe stronge, that he was fayne to comfort me
that should rather have comforted him."  And when Sir Thomas Pope comes
early on St. Thomas' Even with the news that he is to die at nine
o'clock that morning and falls weeping at his own tidings--"Quiet
yourselfe, Good Maister Pope," says More, "and be not discomforted; for
I trust that we shall once in heaven see eche other full merily, where
we shalbe sure to live and love togeather, in joy full blisse
eternally."  And then, Pope being gone, More "as one that had beene
invited to some solempne feaste, chaunged himself into his beste
apparrell; which Maister Leiftenante espyinge, advised him to put it
off, sayinge that he that should have it was but a javill (a common
fellow: the executioner).  What, Maister Leiftenante, quothe he, shall
I accompte him a javill that shall doe me this day so singular a
benefitt?  Nay, I assure you, were it clothe of goulde, I would
accompte it well bestowed upon him, as St. Ciprian did, who gave his
executyoner thirtye peeces of golde....  And soe was he by Maister
Leiftenante brought out of the Tower and from thence led towardes the
place of execution.  Wher, goinge up the scaffold, which was so weake
that it was readye to fall, he said merilye to Maister Leiftenante, I
praye you, Maister Leiftenante, see me safe uppe and for my cominge
down let me shift for myselfe.  Then desired he all the people there
aboute to pray for him, and to bare witnes with him that he should now
there suffer deathe, in and for the faith of the Holy Catholicke
Churche.  Which donne, he kneeled downe; and after his prayers sayed,
turned to the executioner, and with a cheerfull countenance spake thus
unto him: 'Plucke uppe thy spiritts, manne, and be not affrayde to doe
thine office; my necke is very shorte, take heede, therfore, thou
strike not awrye for savinge of thine honesty.'  So passed Sir Thomas
More out of this worlde to God, upon the very same daye (the Ntas. of
St. Peter) in which himself had most desired."

The saint of the pagan world and the saint of the Christian world may
be left to share the crown of noble dying.


II

I had rather a shock to-day.  I was sitting down to write an article on
a subject that had still to be found, and had almost reached the point
of decision, when a letter which had been addressed to the Editor of
_The Star_, and which he had sent on to me, started another and more
attractive hare.  It was a letter announcing my lamented demise.  There
was no doubt about it.  There was the date and there was the name (a
nice name, too), and there were the circumstances all set out in black
and white.  And the writer wanted to know, in view of all this, why no
obituary notice of me had appeared in the columns of the paper I had
adorned.

Now this report, however it arose, is, to use Mark Twain's famous
remark in similar circumstances, "greatly exaggerated."  I am not dead.
I am not half dead.  I am not even feeling poorly.  I had a tooth out a
week or two ago, but otherwise nothing dreadful has happened to me for
ever so long.  I was once nearly in a shipwreck, but that was so long
ago that I had almost forgotten the circumstance.  Moreover, as all the
people in the ship were saved I could not possibly have died then even
if I had been on board.  And I wasn't on board, for I had left at the
previous port of call.  It was a narrow escape, but I can't pretend
that I wasn't saved.  I was.  But though I am most flagrantly and
aggressively alive, the announcement of my death has set me thinking of
myself as if I were dead.  I find it quite an agreeable diversion.  Not
that I am morbid.  I do not share my friend Clerihew's view, expressed
in his chapter on Lord Clive in that noble work "Biography for
Beginners."  You may remember the chapter.  If not, it is short enough
to repeat:

  What I like about Clive
  Is that he is no longer alive.
  There's something to be said
  For being dead.

That is overdoing the thing.  What I find agreeable is being alive and
thinking I am dead.  You have the advantage of both worlds, so to
speak.  In company with this amiable correspondent, I have shed tears
over myself.  I have wept at my own grave-side.  I have composed my own
obituary notice, and I don't think I have ever turned out a more moving
piece of work.  I have met my friends and condoled with them over my
decease, and have heard their comments, and I am proud to say that they
were quite nice.  Some of them made me think that I might write up the
obituary notice in a rather higher key, put the virtues of the late
lamented "Alpha of the Plough" in more gaudy colours, tone down the
few, the very few, weak points of his austere, saintly, chivalrous,
kindly, wise, humorous, generous character--in a word, let myself go a
bit more.  Old Grumpington at the club, it is true, said that I should
be no great loss to the world, and that so far as he was concerned I
was one of the people that he could do without.  But then Old
Grumpington never says a good word for anybody, living or dead.  I
discounted Grumpington.  I took no notice of Grumpington--the beast.

And then I passed from the living world I had left behind to the
contemplation of the said Alpha, fallen on sleep, and I found his case
no subject for tears.  After all, said I, the world is not such a gay
place in these days, that I need worry about having quitted it.  I have
left some dear friends behind, but they will pass the toll-gate, too,
in due course, and join me and those who have preceded me.  "What
dreams may come!"  Well, so be it.  I have no fear of the dreams of
death, having passed through the dream of life, which was so often like
a nightmare.  If there are dreams for me, I think they will be better
dreams.  If there are tasks for me, I think they will be better tasks.
If there are no dreams and no tasks, then that also is well.  "I see no
such horror in a dreamless sleep," said Byron in one of his letters,
"and I have no conception of any existence which duration would not
make tiresome."  And so, dreamless or dreaming, I saw nothing in the
circumstances of the departed Alpha to lament....

Meanwhile, I am very well indeed, thank you.  If you prick me I shall
still bleed.  If you tickle me I shall still laugh.  And with due
encouragement I shall still write.


III

I was going home late last night from one of the Tube stations when my
companion pointed to a group--a man in a bowler hat, reading a paper,
two women and a child--sitting on a seat on the platform.  "There they
are," he said.  "Every night and any hour, moonlight or moonless,
you'll find them sitting there."  "What for?" I asked.  "Oh, in case
there's a raid.  They are taking things in time; they are running no
risks.  You'll see a few at most stations."  And as the train passed
from station to station I noticed similar little groups on the
platforms, sleeping or just staring vacantly at nothing in particular,
and waiting till the lights went out and they could wait no longer.

There is no discredit in taking reasonable precautions against danger,
but these good people carry apprehension to excess.  We need not
underrate the risks of the raids, but we need not make ourselves
ridiculous about them.  So far as the average individual life is
concerned they are almost negligible.  Assuming that the circumference
of danger of an exploding bomb is 90 yards, and that the Germans drop
two hundred bombs a month on London, it is, I understand, calculated
that it will be thirty-four years before we have all come in the zone
of danger.  But the Germans do not drop two hundred bombs a month, nor
twenty bombs, probably not ten bombs.  Let us assume, however, that
they get up to an average of twenty bombs.  It will be over three
hundred years before we have all come within the range of peril.  I do
not suggest that this reflection justifies us in going out into the
streets when a raid is on.  It is true I may not get my turn for three
hundred years, but still there is no sense in running out to see if my
turn has come.  So I dive below ground as promptly as anybody.  It is
foolish to take risks that you need not take.  But it is not less
foolish to go and sit for hours every night on a Tube station platform,
not because there is a raid, but because there may be a raid.

This is carrying the fear of death to extremities.  I have referred to
Caesar's sane axiom on the subject, and to his refusal to take what
seemed to others reasonable precautions against danger.  In the end he
was murdered, but in the meantime he had lived as no one whose life is
one nervous apprehension of danger can possibly live.  You may, of
course, carry this philosophy of fearless living to excess.  Smalley,
in his reminiscences, tells us that when King Edward (then Prince of
Wales) was staying at Homburg he said one day to Lord Hartington (the
late Duke of Devonshire), "Hartington, you ought not to drink all that
champagne."  "No, sir, I know I ought not," said Hartington.  "Then why
do you do it?"  "Well, sir, I have made up my mind that I would rather
be ill now and then than always taking care of myself."  "Oh, you think
that now, but when the gout comes what do you think then?"  "Sir, if
you will ask me then I will tell you.  I do not anticipate."

I do not commend Hartington's example for imitation any more than the
example of those forlorn little groups on the Tube platforms.  He was
not refusing, like Caesar, to be bullied by vague fears; he was, for the
sake of a present pleasure, laying up a store of tolerably certain
misery.  It was not a case of fearless living, but of careless living,
which is quite another thing.  But at least he got a present pleasure
for his recklessness, while the people who hoard up life like misers,
and see the shadow of death stalking them all the time, do not live at
all.  They only exist.  They are like Chesterfield in his later years.
"I am become a vegetable," he said.  "I have been dead twelve years,
but I don't want any one to know about it."  Those people in the Tube
are quite dead, although they don't know about it.  What is more, they
have never been alive.

You cannot be alive unless you take life gallantly.  You know that the
Great Harvester is tracking you all the time, and that one day, perhaps
quite suddenly, his scythe will catch you and lay you among the sheaves
of the past.  Every day and every hour he is remorselessly at your
heels.  A breath of bad air will do his work, or the prick of a pin, or
a fall on the stairs, or a draught from the window.  You can't take a
ride in a bus, or a row in a boat, or a swim in the sea, or a bat at
the wicket without offering yourself as a target for the enemy.  I have
myself seen a batsman receive a mortal blow from a ball driven by his
companion at the wicket.  Why, those people so forlornly dodging death
in the Tube were not out of the danger zone.  They were probably in
more peril sitting there nursing their fears, lowering their vitality,
and incubating death than they would have been going about their
reasonable tasks in the fresh air above.  You may die from the fear of
death.  I am not preaching Nietzche's gospel of "Live dangerously."
There is no need to try to live dangerously, and no sense in going
about tweaking the nose of death to show what a deuce of a fellow you
are.  The truth is that we cannot help living dangerously.  Life is a
dangerous calling, full of pitfalls.  You, getting the coal in the mine
by the light of your lamp, are living with death very, very close at
hand.  You, on the railway shunting trucks, you in the factory or the
engine-shop moving in a maze of machinery, you, in the belly of the
ship stoking the fire--all alike are in an adventure that may terminate
at any moment.  Let us accept the fact like men, and dismiss it like
men, going about our tasks as though we had all eternity to live in,
not foolishly challenging profitless perils, but, on the other hand,
declining to be intimidated by the shadow of the scythe that dogs our
steps.


IV

It is, I suppose, a common experience that our self-valuations are not
fixed but fluctuating.  Sometimes the estimate is extravagantly high;
sometimes, but less frequently, it is too low.  There are people, no
doubt, whose vanity is so vast that no drafts upon it make any
appreciable difference to the fund.  It is as inexhaustible as the horn
of Skrymir.  And there are others whose humility is so established that
no emotion of vain-glory ever visits them.  But the generality of us go
up and down according to the weather, our health, our fortune and a
hundred trifles good or bad.  We are like corks on the wave, sometimes
borne buoyantly on the crest of the heaving sea of circumstance, then
sinking into the trough of the billows.  At this moment I am in the
trough.  I have been passing through one of those chastening
experiences which reveal to us how unimportant we are to the world.
When we are in health we bustle about and talk and trade and write and
push and thrust and haggle and bargain and feel that we are tremendous
fellows.  However would the world get on without us? we say.  What
would become of the office?  Who could put those schemes through that I
have in hand?  What on earth would that dear fellow Robinson do without
my judgment to lean on?  What would become of Jones if he no longer met
me after lunch at the club for a quiet and confidential talk?  How
would _The Star_ survive without...

And so we inflate ourselves with a comfortable conceit, and feel that
we are really the hub of things, and that if anything goes wrong with
us there will be a mournful vacuum in society.  Then some day the
bubble of our vanity is pricked.  We are gently laid aside, deflated
and humble, the world forgetting, by the world forgot.  Our empire has
shrunk to the dimensions of a sick-room, and there fever plays its wild
dramas, turning the innocent patterns of the wall-paper into fantastic
shapes, and fearsome conflicts, filling our unquiet slumbers with
dreadful phantoms that, waking, we try to seize, only to fall back
defeated and helpless.  And then follow the days--those peaceful
days--of sheer collapse, when you just lie back on the pillow and look
hour by hour at the ceiling, desiring nothing and thinking of nothing,
and when the doctor, feeling your stagnant pulse, says, "Yes, you have
had a bad shaking."

These are the days of illumination.  Outside the buses rumble by, and
you know they are crowded with people going down to or returning from
the great whirlpool.  And you realise that the mighty world is
thundering on in the old way as though it had never heard of you.
Fleet Street roars by night and day in happy unconcern of you; your
absence from "the Gallery" in the afternoon is unnoted by a soul;
Robinson gives one thought to you, and then turns to his work as though
nothing had happened; Jones misses you after lunch, but is just as
happy with Brown; and _The Star_--well, _The Star_ ... yes, the painful
fact has to be faced....  _The Star_ goes on its radiant path as though
you had only been a fly on its wheel.

It is a humbling experience.  This, then, was all your high-blown pride
amounted to.  You were just a bubble on the surface, a snowflake on the
river--a moment there, then gone for ever.  This is the foretaste of
death.  When that comes the waters will just close over your head as
they have closed now--a comment here and there, perhaps friendly,
perhaps critical, a few tears it may be, and--oblivion.  It is an old
story--old as humanity.  You remember those verses of Dean Swift on the
news of his own death, with what airy jests and indifference it was
received in this and that haunt where he had played so great a part.
It comes to a card party who affect to receive it in "doleful dumps."

  "The Dean is dead (pray what is trumps?)"
  Then "Lord have mercy on his soul!
  (Ladies, I'll venture for the vole.)
  Six deans, they say, must bear the pall,
  (I wish I knew what king to call).
  Madam, your husband will attend
  The funeral of so good a friend?"
  "No, madam, 'tis a shocking sight;
  And he's engaged to-morrow night;
  My Lady Club will take it ill
  If he should fail her at quadrille.
  He loved the Dean (I lead a heart);
  But dearest friends, they say, must part.

That is the way of it.  Your friend is dead: you heave a sigh and lead
a heart.

Listen to that thrush outside.  How he is going it!  He, too, on this
bright March morning sings of the world's indifference--the
indifference of the joyous, living world to those who have crept to
their holes.  I hear in his voice the news of the coming of spring, and
know that down at "the cottage" the crocuses are out in the garden and
the dark beech woods are turning to brown, and the lark is springing up
into the blue like a flame of song.  How I have loved this pageantry of
nature, these days of revelation and promise.  I used to think that I
was a part of them, but now I know that the pageant goes forward in
sublime unconsciousness that I am no longer in the audience.

And so I lie and look at the ceiling and feel humble and disillusioned.
I have discovered that the world goes on very well without me, and I am
not sure that it is not worth spending a week or two in bed to learn
that salutary lesson.  When I return to the world I fancy I shall have
lost some of my ancient swagger.  I shall feel like a modest intruder
upon a society that has shown it has no need for me.  I may recover my
feeling of importance in time, but in my secret heart I shall know that
I am not the hub but only a fly on the mighty wheel of things.  I can
skip off and no one is any the wiser.




ON CLOTHES

There is one respect in which the war has brought us a certain measure
of relief.  It is no longer necessary to lie awake o' nights thinking
about your clothes.  There are some people, of course, who like
thinking about their clothes.  They seem to regard themselves as
perambulating shop window models on which to hang things, and if you
take away that subject from their conversation they are bankrupt.  When
I was coming down on the bus the other afternoon I could not help
overhearing snatches of a conversation which was going on between two
women in the seat behind me.  It was conducted with great volubility
and seriousness, and it came to me in scraps like this: "No, I don't
like that shade....  I saw a beautiful hat at So-and-So's at
Kensington; only 25s.; it was ... Yes, she has nice taste and always
looks ... No, brocaded..."  And so on without a pause for the space of
half an hour.

I don't offer that conversation as representative.  I imagine that in
the lump women are thinking less about dress to-day from the merely
ornamental point of view than they ever did.  If you spend twelve hours
a day on a bus or a tram in a blue uniform and leggings, or driving a
Carter Paterson van in a mackintosh and a sou'wester, or filling shells
in a yellow overall, dress cannot occupy quite its old dominion over
your thoughts.  You will think more about comfort and less about
finery.  And that, according to Herbert Spencer, is an evidence of a
higher intelligence.  The more barbaric you are the more you regard
dress from the point of view of ornament and the less from the point of
view of utility.  It is a hard saying for the West End of life.
Spencer, to illustrate his point, mentions that the African attendants
of Captain Speke strutted about in their goatskin mantles when the
weather was fine, but when it was wet took them off, folded them up,
and went about naked and shivering in the rain.

A talk like that of the two women on the bus would not be possible
among men; but that does not mean that they have souls above finery.
It is not good form among them to talk about dress--that is all.  But
that many of them think about it as seriously as women do, if less
continuously, is certain.  Pepys' Diary is strewn with such
self-revelations as "This morning came home my fine Camlett cloak, with
gold buttons, and a silk suit, which cost me much money, and I pray God
to make me able to pay for it."  He ought to have thought of that
earlier.  No one is entitled to order fine clothes and then throw the
responsibility for paying for them on the Almighty.  At least he might
have prayed to God on the subject before approaching the tailor.  The
case of Goldsmith was not less conspicuous.  He was as vain as a
peacock, and refused to go into the Church because he loved to wear
bright clothes.  And his spirit is not dead among men.  Who can look
upon the large white spats of ---- ---- as he comes down the floor of
the House without feeling that he is as dress-conscious as a milliner.

I am not speaking with disrespect of the well-dressed man (I do not
mean the over-dressed man: he is an offence).  I would be well-dressed
myself if I knew how, but I have no gift that way.  Like Squire
Shallow, I am always in the rearward of the fashion.  I find that with
rare exceptions I dislike new fashions.  They disturb my tranquillity.
They give me a nasty jolt.  I suspect that the explanation is that
beneath my intellectual radicalism there lurks a temperamental
conservatism, a love of sleepy hollows and quiet havens and the old
grass-grown turnpikes of habit.  It is no uncommon paradox.  Spurgeon
had it like many others.  He was once rebuked by a friend for his
political activity on the Liberal side.  Why did he yield to this
weakness?  "You ought to mortify the Old Man," said his friend.  "I do
mortify him," said Spurgeon.  "You see my Old Man is a Tory and I make
him vote Liberal.  That mortifies him."  I am conscious of the same
conflict, and in the matter of clothes the Old Man of Toryism is an
easy winner.

It was so with Carlyle.  He raged like a bear with a sore head against
the existing political fashion of things, but in the matter of clothes
he was a mere antediluvian, and when he wanted a new suit he simply
wrote to the little country tailor in far-off Ecclefechan and told him
to send another "as before."  And so, by taking no thought about the
matter, he achieved the distinction in appearance which the people who
worry about clothes do not achieve.  The flavour of the antique world
hung about him like a fragrance, as, but yesterday, it hung about Lord
Courtney who looked like a reminiscence of the world of our
grandfathers walking our streets to the rebuke of a frivolous
generation.

I cannot claim to exhale this fine essence of the past.  I am just an
ordinary camp-follower of the fashions, too perverse to march with the
main army, too timid to ignore it, but just hanging on its skirts as it
were, a forlorn relic of the year before last.  My taste in ties, I am
assured, is execrable.  My clothes are lacking in style, and my boots
have an unconquerable tendency to shapelessness.  I put on whatever is
handiest without a thought of artistic design.  My pockets bulge with
letters and books, and I am constantly reminded by well-meaning people
that the top button of my waistcoat is unbuttoned.  I am perfectly
happy until I come into contact with the really well-dressed man who
has arranged himself on a conscious scheme, and looks like a sartorial
poem.  I lunched with such a man a few days ago.  I could not help
envying the neat perfection of everything about him, and I know, as his
eye wandered to my tie, that there was something there that made him
shudder as a harsh discord in music would make me shudder.  It may have
been the wrong shade; it may have been awry; it may have been anything
that it oughtn't to have been.  I shall never know.

And it is a great joy to be able not to care.  The war has lightened
the cloud that hangs over those of us who simply cannot be dressy no
matter how much we try.  It is no longer an offence to appear a little
secondhand.  It is almost a virtue.  You may wear your oldest clothes
and look the whole world in the face and defy its judgments.  You may
claim that your baggy knees are a sacrifice laid on the altar of
patriotism and that the hat of yester-year is another nail in the
coffin of the Kaiser.  A distinguished Parliamentarian, a man who has
sat in Cabinets, boasted to me the other day that he had not bought a
suit of clothes since the war began, and I had no difficulty in
believing the statement.

That is the sort of example that makes me happy.  It gives me the
feeling that I am at last really in the fashion--the fashion of old and
unconsidered clothes.  It is a very comfortable fashion.  It saves you
worry and it saves you money.  I hope it will continue when the war has
become a memory.  And if we want a literary or historical warrant for
it we may go to old Montaigne.  When he was a young fellow without
means, he says somewhere, he decked himself out in brave apparel to
show the world that he was a person of consequence; but when he came to
his fortune he went in sober attire and left his estates and his
chateaux to speak for him.  That is the way of us unfashionable folk.
We leave our estates and our chateaux to speak for us.




THE DUEL THAT FAILED

"I think," said my friend, "that the war will end when the Germans know
they are beaten.  No, that is not quite so banal a prophecy as it
seems.  Wars do not always end with the knowledge of defeat.  They only
end with the admission of defeat, which is quite another thing.  The
Civil War dragged on for a year after the South knew that they were
beaten.  All that bloodshed in the Wilderness was suffered in the teeth
of the incontrovertible fact that it was in vain.  But the man or the
nation which adopts the philosophy of the bully does not fight when the
certainty of victory has changed into the certainty of defeat.  I have
never known a bully who was not a coward when his back was to the wall.
The French are at their best in the hour of defeat.  There was nothing
so wonderful in the story of Napoleon as that astonishing campaign of
1814, and even in 1870-1 it was the courage of France when all was lost
that was the most heroic phase of the war.  But the bully collapses
when the stimulus of victory has deserted him.

"Let me tell you a story.  In 1883, having graduated at Dublin, I went
to Heidelberg--_alt Heidelberg du feine_.  You know that jolly city,
and the students who swagger along the street, their faces seamed with
the scars of old sword cuts.  I was one of a group of young fellows
from different countries who were studying at the University, and who
fraternised in a strange land.

"It was about the time when the safety bicycle was introduced in
England, and one of our group, a young Polish nobleman who had a great
passion for English things, got a machine sent over to him from London.
If not the first, it was certainly one of the first machines of the
kind that had appeared in Heidelberg.  You may remember how strange it
seemed even to the English public when it first came out.  We had got
accustomed to the old high bicycle, and the 'Safety' looked ridiculous
and babyish by comparison.

"Well, in Heidelberg the appearance of the young Pole on his 'Safety'
created something like a sensation.  The sports of the 'Englander' were
held in contempt by the students, and this absurd toy was the last
straw.  It was the very symbol of the childishness of a nation given
over to the sport of babes.

"One day the Pole was riding out on his bicycle when he passed a couple
of students, who shouted opprobrious epithets at the 'Englander' and
his preposterous vehicle.  The Pole turned round, flung some verbal
change back at them, and rode on his way.

"That evening as he sat in his room he heard steps ascending the
stairs, and there entered two students clothed in all the formality of
grave business.  They had brought the Pole a challenge to a duel from
each of the two young fellows with whom he had exchanged words on the
road.  The challenges were couched in the most ruthless terms.  This
was to be no mere nominal satisfaction of honour.  It was to be a duel
without guards or any of those restrictions that are common in such
affairs.  The weapon was the sword, and the time-limit eight days.

"The seconds having fulfilled their errand went away, leaving the Pole
in no cheerful frame of mind.  He was only a very indifferent
swordsman, and had never cultivated the sport of duelling.  Now
suddenly he was faced with the necessity of fighting a duel in which he
would certainly be beaten, and might be killed, for he understood the
intentions of the challengers.  It was clearly not possible for him to
acquire in a week such expertness with the sword as would give him a
chance of victory.

"In this emergency he came along to the little group of which I have
spoken.  We were playing cards when he entered, but stopped when we saw
that something unusual had happened.  He told us the story of the
bicycle ride and the sequel.  What was he to do?  He must fight, of
course, but how was he to get a dog's chance?

"Now the oldest of our group, and by far the most worldly wise, was an
American.  He listened to the Pole and agreed that there was no time
for him to become sufficiently expert with the sword.  'But can you
shoot?' he asked the Pole.  Yes, he was not a bad shot.  The American
took up an ace from a pack of cards and held it up.  'Could you,
standing where you are, hit that ace with a revolver?'  'I am not sure
that I could hit it,' answered the Pole, 'but I should come very near
it.'  'That's all right,' said the American.  'Now to business.  These
fellows have forgotten something.  They're so used to fighting with the
sword that they've forgotten there's such a thing as the revolver.  And
they're trying to bluff you into their own terms.  They've forgotten,
or don't choose to remember, that, as the challenged party, you have
choice of weapons.  Now we'll draw up an answer to this letter,
accepting the challenge, claiming the choice of weapons, choosing the
revolver, and putting the conditions as stiff as we can make 'em.'

"So we sat around the American and composed the reply.  And I can
assure you it had a very ugly look.  The Pole signed it with great
delight, and the American and I as seconds delivered it.

"Then we waited.  One day passed without an answer--two, three, four,
five, six.  Still no answer.  We were enjoying ourselves.  On the
evening of the seventh day the seconds reappeared at the Pole's rooms.
They brought no acceptance of his challenge, but an impudent demand for
the original conditions.  The Pole came along to us with the news.
'That's all right,' said the American.  'We've got them on the run.
Now to clinch the business.'  And once more we sat round in great glee
to draft the reply.  It was as hot as we knew how to make it.  It
breathed death in every syllable, and it gave the Germans eight days to
prepare for the end at the muzzle of the revolver.

"Again we waited, and again the days passed without a sign.  Then on
the eve of the eighth day the seconds once more appeared.  I was
present with the Pole at the time.  I have never seen a more forlorn
pair than those seconds made as they entered.  Their principals, driven
into a corner, faced with the alternative of fighting with weapons
which did not assure them of victory or of accepting the humiliation of
running away, had decided to run away.  They would not fight on the
conditions offered by the Pole, and the seconds were a spectacle of
humiliation.  Their apologies to us struggled with their indignation at
their principals and they went away a chastened spectacle.  That night
we had a gay gathering with the American in the chair, and I think the
incident must have got wind abroad, for thenceforward the Pole rode his
Safety in peace and in triumph....

"You may think that story is a trifle.  Well, it is.  But I think it
has some bearing on the end of the war."




ON EARLY RISING

There is no period of the year when my spirit is so much at war with
the flesh as this.  For the winter is over, and the woods are browning
and the choristers of the fields are calling me to matins--and I do not
go.  Spiritually I am an early riser.  I have a passion for the dawn
and the dew on the grass, and the "early pipe of half-awakened birds."
On the rare occasions on which I have gone out to meet the sun upon the
upland lawn or on the mountain tops I have experienced an emotion that
perhaps no other experience can give.  I remember a morning in the
Tyrol when I had climbed Kitzbulhorn to see the sun rise.  I saw the
darkness changing to chill grey, but no beam of sunlight came through
the massed clouds that barred the east.  Feeling that my night climb
had been in vain, I turned round to the west, and there, by a sort of
magical reflection, I saw the sunrise.  A beam of light, invisible to
the east, had pierced the clouds and struck the mountains in the west.
It seemed to turn them to molten gold, and as it moved along the black
mass it was as though a vast torch was setting the world aflame.  And I
remembered that fine stanza of Clough's:

  And not through eastern windows only,
    When morning comes, comes in the light.
  In front the dawn breaks slow, how slowly.
    But westward, look, the land is bright.

And there was that other dawn which I saw, from the icy ridge of the
Petersgrat, turning the snow-clad summits of the Matterhorn, the
Weisshorn, and Mont Blanc to a magic realm of rose-tinted battlements.

And there are others.  But they are few, for though I am spiritually a
son of the morning, I am physically a sluggard.  There are some people
who are born with a gift for early rising.  I was born with a genius
for lying in bed.  I can go to bed as late as anybody, and have no joy
in a company that begins to yawn and grow drowsy about ten o'clock.
But in the early rising handicap I am not a starter.  A merciful
providence has given me a task that keeps me working far into the night
and makes breakfast and the newspaper in bed a matter of duty.  No
words can express the sense of secret satisfaction with which I wake
and realise that I haven't to get up, that stern duty bids me lie a
little longer, listening to the comfortable household noises down below
and the cheerful songs outside, studying anew the pattern of the
wall-paper and taking the problems of life "lying-down" in no craven
sense.

I know there are many people who have to catch early morning buses and
trams who would envy me if they knew my luck.  For the ignoble family
of sluggards is numerous.  It includes many distinguished men.  It
includes saints as well as sages.  That moral paragon, Dr. Arnold, was
one of them; Thomson, the author of "The City of Dreadful Night," was
another.  Bishop Selwyn even put the duty of lying in bed on a moral
plane.  "I did once rise early," he said, "but I felt so vain all the
morning and so sleepy all the afternoon that I determined not to do it
again."  He stayed in bed to mortify his pride, to make himself humble.
And is not humility one of the cardinal virtues of a good Christian?  I
have fancied myself that people who rise early are slightly
self-righteous.  They can't help feeling a little scornful of us
sluggards.  And we know it.  Humility is the badge of all our tribe.
We are not proud of lying in bed.  We are ashamed--and happy.  The
noblest sluggard of us all has stated our case for us.  "No man
practises so well as he writes," said Dr. Johnson.  "I have all my life
been lying till noon; yet I tell all young men, and tell them with
great sincerity, that nobody who does not rise early will ever do any
good."

Of course we pay the penalty.  We do not catch the early worm.  When we
turn out all the bargains have gone, and we are left only with the odds
and ends.  From a practical point of view, we have no defence.  We know
that an early start is the secret of success.  It used to be said of
the Duke of Newcastle that he always went about as though he had got up
half an hour late, and was trying all day to catch it up.  And history
has recorded what a grotesque failure he was in politics.  When someone
asked Nelson for the secret of his success he replied: "Well, you see,
I always manage to be a quarter of an hour in front of the other
fellow."  And the recipe holds good to-day.  When the inner history of
the battle of the Falkland Islands is told in detail it will be found
that it was the early start insisted on by the one man of military
genius and vision we have produced in this war that gave us that
priceless victory.

And if you have ever been on a walking tour or a cycling tour you know
that early rising is the key of the business.  Start early and you are
master of your programme and your fate.  You can linger by the way,
take a dip in the mountain tarn, lie under the shadow of a great rock
in the hot afternoon, and arrive at the valley inn in comfortable time
for the evening meal.  Start late and you are the slave of the hours.
You chase them with weary feet, pass the tarn with the haste of a
dispatch bearer though you are dying for a bathe, and arrive when the
roast and boiled are cleared away and the merry company are doing a
"traverse" around the skirting board of the billiard room.  Happy
reader, if you know the inn I mean--the jolly inn at Wasdale Head.

No, whether from the point of view of business or pleasure, worldly
wisdom or spiritual satisfaction, there is nothing to be said in our
defence.  All that we can say for lying in bed is what Foote--I think
it was Foote--said about the rum.  "I went into a public-house," he
said, "and heard one man call for some rum because he was hot, and
another call for some rum because he was cold.  Then I called for some
rum because I liked it."  We sluggards had better make the same clean
breast of the business.  We lie in bed because we like it.  Just that.
Nothing more.  We like it.  We claim no virtue, ask no indulgence,
accept with humility the rebukes of the strenuous.

As for me, I have a licence--nay, I have more; I have a duty.  It is my
duty to lie in bed o' mornings until the day is well aired.  For I burn
the midnight oil, and the early blackbird--the first of our choir to
awake--has often saluted me on my way home.  Therefore I lie in bed in
the morning looking at the ceiling and listening to the sounds of the
busy world without a twinge of conscience.  If you were listening, you
would hear me laugh softly to myself as I give the pillow another shake
and thank providence for having given me a job that enables me to enjoy
the privileges of the sluggard without incurring the odium that he so
richly deserves.




ON BEING KNOWN

I went into a tailor's in the West End the other day to order some
clothes.  My shadow rarely darkens a tailor's door, and this tailor's
door it had never darkened before.  I was surprised therefore, when,
after the preliminaries of measurement were finished, the attendant, in
reply to a question about a deposit, said "No deposit is necessary.
The name is good enough."  I confess I felt the compliment as an
agreeable shock.  The request for a deposit always jars on me.  I know
that "business is business" and that in this wilderness of London it is
no dishonour to be unknown and no discredit to be formally discredited;
but yet ... And here was a man I had never seen before and who had
never seen me, who was prepared to execute my order without any sordid
assurances of character on my side--simply on my name.  Such a tribute
needed some recognition.  "It will save trouble," said I, "if I pay the
account now."  And I did so.  I fancy the action was a little childish,
but I couldn't help it.  I really couldn't.  I simply had to do
something civil, and this was the only civil thing that occurred to me.

And then I went out of the shop feeling that I had come suddenly into
an unexpected and pleasing inheritance.  I knew now something of the
emotion of Mr. Sholes, the eminent author:

  Whenever down Fleet Street he strolls
    The policemen look hurriedly up
  And say "There's the great Mr. Sholes,
    Who writes such delectable gup."

I might not be able to write such delectable gup as Mr. Sholes, but I
could write gup good enough to make that fellow in the shop trust me
for a six-guinea suit.  I did not observe that the policeman took any
particular notice of me as I passed along.  But--"Give me time," said
I, addressing the shade of Mr. Sholes.  "Give me time.  I have made a
start in the handicap of the famous.  I am known to that excellent
shopman.  I may yet be known (favourably and admiringly) to the police.
I may yet walk the Strand with a nimbus that will challenge Mr. Horatio
Bottomley and Mr. Pemberton Billing and the illustrious great.  I may
yet have the agreeable consciousness that heads are turning in my
direction, and that the habitual Londoner is saying to his country
cousin: 'That, my dear Jane, is the eminent Mr. Alpha of the Plough who
writes those articles in _The Star_.' ... Give me time, Mr. Sholes.
Give me time."

But as I walked on and as that momentary flash of the limelight faded
from me I became less confident that I wanted to live in it.  I became
sensible of the pleasures of obscurity.  I strolled along untroubled by
the curious, and enjoyed the pageant of the pavement, the display of
dress, the diversity of faces, the play of light in the eyes, the
incidents of the streets.  I paused in front of shops and fell into a
reverie before the window of the incomparable Mr. Bumpus--the window of
stately books in noble bindings.  I was submerged in the tide of the
common life and felt the enfranchisement of the obscure.  I could walk
which way I pleased and no one would remark me; pause when I liked and
be unobserved.  But--why, here is Lord French of Ypres coming along.
See how heads are turning and fingers are pointing and tongues are
wagging--"That, my dear Jane..."  What a nuisance this limelight must
be!

And if you are really conspicuous you cannot trust yourself out of
doors--unless you have the courage of John Burns, who does not care two
pins who sees him or talks about him.  The King, poor man, could no
more walk along this pavement as I am doing, rubbing shoulders with the
people and enjoying the comedy of life, than he could write to the
newspapers, or address a crowd from the plinth of the Nelson Monument,
or go to a booking-office and take a ticket for the Tube, or into an
A.B.C. shop and ask for a cup of tea, or any of the thousand and one
things that I am at liberty to do and enjoy doing without let or
hindrance, comment or disturbance.  He is the prisoner of publicity.
He is pursued by the limelight, as the fleeing soul of the poet was
pursued by the hound of heaven.  He can't look in Bumpus's.  He can't
go on to an allotment and dig undisturbed.  You cannot have limelight
playing about an allotment.  In fact, the more one thinks of it the
more impoverished his life seems, and so in a lesser degree with all
the eminent people who are pursued by the photographer, mobbed in the
streets, fawned on by their friends, slandered by their enemies,
exalted or defamed in the Press, and dissected in every club
smoking-room and bar parlour.

But, you will say, think of the glory of having your name handed down
to posterity.  It is a very questionable privilege.  I am not much
concerned about posterity.  I respect it, as Wordsworth respected it.
"What has posterity done for me that I should consider it?" some one
said to him, and he replied, "No, but the past has done much for you."
It was a just reminder of our obligations.  But it is a lean ambition
to pose for posterity.  I cannot thrill to the vision of the trumpeter
Fame blowing my name down the corridors of time while I sleep on
unheeding in

  My patrimony of a little mould
  And entail of four planks.

I am not warmed by the idea of a marble image standing with
outstretched arm in the Abbey or sitting on a horse for ever in the
streets, wet or fine, or perched up on a towering column to be a
convenience to vagrant birds.  If fame is often a nuisance to the
living, it is only an empty echo for the dead.  Spare me marble
trappings, good friends, and give me the peace of forgetfulness.

By the time I had reached the end of my walk and my ruminations, I felt
less cordial towards that man in the shop.  I wished, on the whole,
that he had asked for the deposit.




ON A MAP OF THE OBERLAND

I was rummaging among my books this morning when I came across Frey's
map of the Bernese Oberland, and forthwith forgot the object of my
search in the presence of this exhilarating discovery.  Mr. Chesterton,
I think, once described how he evoked the emotions of a holiday by
calling a cab, piling it up with luggage, and driving to the station.
Then, having had his sensation, he drove home again.  It seemed to me
rather a poor way of taking an imaginative holiday.  One might as well
heat an empty oven in order to imagine a feast.  The true medium of the
spiritual holiday is the map.  That is the magic carpet that whisks you
away from this sodden earth and unhappy present to sunny lands and
serener days.

There are times when books offer no escape from the burden of things,
when, as Mr. Biglow says

  I'm as unsoshul as a stone,
  And kind o' suffercate to be alone;

but there are no circumstances in which a map will not do the trick.  I
do not care whether it is a map of the known or the unknown, the
visited or the unvisited, the real or the fanciful.  It was the jolly
map which Stevenson invented in an idle hour which became the seed of
"Treasure Island."  That is how a map stimulated his fancy and sent it
out on a career of immortal adventure.  And though you have not
Stevenson's genius for describing the adventure, that is what a map
will do for you if you have a spark of the boy's love of romance left
in your soul.  It is the "magic casement" of the poet.  I have never
crossed the Atlantic in the flesh, but, lord, what spiritual adventures
I have had with maps in the enchanted world on the other side!  I have
sailed with Drake in Nombre Dios Bay, and navigated the grim straits
with Magellan, and lived with the Incas of Peru and the bloody Pizarro,
and gone up the broad bosom of the Amazon into fathomless forests, and
sailed through the Golden Gates on golden afternoons, and stood with
Cortes "silent upon a peak in Darien."  I know the Shenandoah Valley
far better than I know Wimbledon Common, and have fought over every
inch of it by the side of Stonewall Jackson, just as I have lived in
the mazes of the Wilderness with Grant and Lee.

Do not tell me I have never been to these places and a thousand others
like them.  I swear that I have.  I have traversed them all in the
kingdom of the mind, and if you will give me a map and a rainy day
(like this) I will go on a holiday more entrancing than any that Mr.
Cook ever planned.  It is not taking tickets that makes the traveller.
I have known people who have gone round the world without seeing
anything, while Thoreau could stay in his back garden and entertain the
universe.

But if maps of the unvisited earth have the magic of romance in them,
maps of the places you have known have a fascination no less rich and
deep.  They, too, take you out on a holiday, but it is a holiday of
memory and not of the imagination.  You are back with yourself in other
days and in other places and with other friends.  You may tell me that
this was a dreary, rainy morning, sir, and that I spent it looking out
over the dismal valley and the sad cornfields with their stricken
crops.  Nothing of the sort.  I spent it in the Bernese Oberland, with
an incomparable companion.  Three weeks I put in, sir, three weeks on
the glaciers.  See, there, on this glorious map of Frey's, is Muerren,
from whence we started.  In front is the mighty snow mass of the
Jungfrau, the Moench and the Eiger, shutting out the glacier solitudes
whither we are bound.

There goes our track up the ravine to Obersteinberg and there is the
Muetthorn hut, standing on the bit of barren rock that sticks out from
the great ice-billows of the Tschingelhorn glacier.  Do you remember,
companion of mine, the mighty bowls of steaming tea we drank when we
reached that haven of refuge?  And do you remember our start from the
hut at two o'clock in the morning, roped with our guide and with our
lanterns lit--and the silence of our march over the snow and ice
beneath the glittering stars, and the hollow boom of distant
avalanches, and the breaking of the wondrous dawn over the ice-fields,
and the unforgettable view as we reached the ridge of the Petersgrat
and saw across the Rhone Valley the great mountain masses beyond--the
Weisshorn, the Matterhorn, Mont Blanc, and the rest--touched to an
unearthly beauty by the flush of the new-risen sun?  And the scramble
up the Tschingelhorn, and the long grind down the ice-slopes and the
moraine to the seclusion of the Lotschenthal?  And then the days that
followed in the great ice region behind the Jungfrau; the long, silent
marches over pathless snows and by yawning crevasses, the struggle up
peaks in the dawn, and the nights in the huts, sometimes with other
climbers who blew in across the snows from some remote adventure,
sometimes alone as in that tiny hut on the Finsteraarhorn, where we
paid three and a half francs for a bunch of wood to boil our kettle?

There is the Oberaar hut standing on the ledge of a dizzy precipice.
Do you remember the sunset we saw from thence, when out of the general
gloom of the conquering night one beam from the vanished sun caught the
summit of the Dom and made it gleam like a palace in the heavens or
like the towers of the radiant city that Christian saw across the dark
river?  And there at the end of the journey is the great glacier that
leaps down, seven thousand feet, between the Schreckhorn and the
Wetterhorn, to the gracious valley of Grindelwald.  How innocent it
looks on this map, but what a day of gathering menace was that when we
got caught between the impassable crevasses, and night came on and the
rain came down and ... But let the magic carpet hasten slowly here....

It was still dark when Heinrich of the Looking Glass leapt up from our
bed of hay in the Dolfuss hut, lit the candle and began to prepare the
breakfast.  Outside, the rain fell in torrents and the clouds hung
thick and low over glacier and peaks.  Our early start for the
Gleckstein hut was thwarted.  Night turned to dawn and dawn to day, and
still the rain pelted down on that vast solitude of rock and ice.  Then
the crest of the Finstraarhorn appeared through a rent in the clouds,
patches of blue broke up the grey menace of the sky, the rain ceased.
Otmar and Heinrich hastily washed the iron cups and plates and swept
the floor of the hut, and then, shouldering our rucksacks and closing
the door of the empty hut, we scrambled down the rocks to the glacier.

It was 8.15 and the guidebooks said it was a seven hours' journey to
the Gleckstein.  That seemed to leave ample margin; but do not trust
guide-books in a season of drought when the crevasses are open.

This wisdom, however, came later.  All through the morning we made
excellent progress.  The sun shone, the clouds hung lightly about the
peaks, the ice was in excellent condition.  Heinrich, who brought up
the rear, occasionally broke into song.  Now, when Heinrich sings you
know that all is well.  When he whistles you are in a tight place.  For
the rest he is silent.  Otmar, his brother, is less communicative.  He
goes on ahead silently under all conditions, skirting crevasses,
testing snow-bridges to see if they will bear, occasionally pausing to
consult his maps.  Once only did he burst into song that day--but of
that later.  Otmar is an autocrat on the ice or the rocks.  In the hut
he will make your tea and oil your boots and help Heinrich to wash your
cups and sweep the floor.  But out in the open he is your master.  If
you ask him inconvenient questions he does not hear.  If you suggest a
second breakfast before it is due his silence as he pounds forward
ahead humiliates you.  If your pace slackens there is a rebuke in the
taut insistence of the rope.

It was eleven when we halted for our cold tea and sardines (white wine
for Otmar and Heinrich).  The pause gave Heinrich an opportunity of
taking out his pocket looking-glass and touching up his moustache ends
and giving a flick to his eye-brows.  Heinrich is as big and brawny as
an ox, but he has the soul of a dandy.

It had been easy going on the furrowed face of the ice, but when we
came to the snow slope that leads to the Lauteraar saddle our pace
slackened.  The snow was soft, and we sank at each step up to our
shins.  Otmar eased the passage up the slope by zigzagging, but it was
one o'clock when we came face to face with the wall of snow, flanked by
walls of rock, which form the "saddle."  Otmar led my companion over
the rocks; but decided that Heinrich should bring me up the snow face.
Step cutting is slow work, and though Otmar, having reached the top of
the saddle, threw down a second rope, which Heinrich lashed round his
waist, it was two o'clock before that terrible wall was surmounted, and
we could look down the great glacier that plunged seven thousand feet
down into the hollow where Grindelwald lay with its red roofs and
pleasant pastures, its hotels and its tourists.

We had taken nearly six hours to surmount the pass; but we seemed,
nevertheless, to have the day well in hand.  Four thousand feet down on
a spur of the Wetterhorn we could see the slate roof of the Gleckstein
hut.  It seemed an easy walk over the glacier, but in these vast
solitudes of ice and snow and rock, vision is deceptive.  The distant
seems incredibly near, for the familiar measurements of the eye are
wanting.

The weather had changed again.  Clouds had settled on the mighty cliffs
of the Schreckhorn on our left and the Wetterhorn on our right.  Mist
was rolling over the pass; rain began to fall.  We cut short our lunch
(cold tea, cold veal, bread and jam), and began our descent, making a
wide detour of the glacier to the right in the direction of the
Wetterhorn.  We descended a rocky precipice that cleaves the glacier,
crossed an ice slope on which Otmar had to cut steps, and came in view
of Grindelwald, lying like a picture postcard far down below--so
immediately below that it seemed that one might fling a stone down into
its midst.

At half-past three it began to dawn on me that things were not going
well.  Otmar had, during the past three weeks, been the most skilful of
guides over most of the great glacier passes of the Oberland and up
many a peak; but so far we had seen nothing like the condition of the
Grindtlwaldfirn.  The appalling slope of this great sea of ice makes a
descent in normal times a task of difficulty.  But this year the long
drought had left open all the yawning crevasses with which it is
seamed, and its perils were infinitely increased.

Again and again Otmar sought a way out of the maze, taking us across
perilous snow bridges and cutting steps on knife-edges of ice where one
looked down the glittering slope on one side, and into the merciless
green-blue depths of the crevasse on the other.  But wherever he turned
he was baulked.  Always the path led to some vast fissure which could
be neither leapt nor bridged.  Once we seemed to have escaped and
glissaded swiftly down.  Then the slope got steeper and we
walked--steeper and Otmar began cutting steps in the ice--steeper and
Otmar paused and looked down the leap of the glacier.  We stood silent
for his verdict.  "It will not go."  We turned on the rope without a
word, and began remounting our steps.

It was half-past four.  The mist was thickening, the rain falling
steadily.  Below, the red roofs and green pastures of Grindelwald
gleamed in the sunlight of the valley.  Nearer, the slate roof of the
Gleckstein on its spur of rock was still visible.  Two hours before it
had seemed but a step to either.  Now they seemed to have receded to
another hemisphere.

For the first time there flashed through the mind the thought that
possibly we should not reach the hut after all.  A night on the
glacier, or rather on the dark ridges of the Wetterhorn!  A wet night,
too.

The same thought was working in Otmar's mind.  No word came from him,
no hint that he was concerned.  But the whole bearing of the man was
changed.  In the long hours of the morning he had led us listlessly and
silently; now he was like a hound on the trail.  The tug of the rope
became more insistent.  He made us face difficulties that he had
skirted before; took us on to snow-bridges that made the mind reel;
slashed steps with his ice axe with a swift haste that spoke in every
stroke of the coming night.  Once I failed to take a tricky snow ridge
that came to a point between two crevasses, slipped back, and found
myself in the crevasse, with my feet dancing upon nothing.  The rope
held; Otmar hauled me out without a word, and we resumed our march.

Heinrich had been unroped earlier and sent to prospect from above for a
possible way out.  We followed at his call, but he led us into new
mazes, down into a great cavern in the glacier, where we passed over
the ruined walls and buttresses of an ice cathedral, emerging on the
surface of the glacier again, only to find ourselves once more checked
by impassable gulfs.

It was now half-past five.  We had been three and a half hours in
vainly attempting to find a way down the ice.  The mist had come thick
upon us.  The peaks were blotted out, Grindelwald was blotted out; the
hut was no longer visible.  Only an hour and a half of light remained,
and the whole problem was still unsolved.  The possibility of a night
on the ice or the rocks began to approach the sphere of certainty.  My
strength was giving out, and I slipped again and again in the ice
steps.  A kind of dull resignation had taken possession of the mind.
One went forward in a stupor, responsive to the tug of the rope, but
indifferent to all else.

Otmar was now really concerned.  He came from a valley south of the
Rhone, and was unfamiliar with this pass; but he is of a great strain
of Alpine guides, is proud of his achievements--he had led in the first
ascent of the Zmutt ridge of the Matterhorn that year--and to be
benighted on a glacier would have been a deadly blow to his pride.

He unroped himself, and dashed away in the direction of the ridge of
the Wetterhorn that plunged down on our right.  We watched him skimming
across crevasses, pausing here and there to slash a step in the ice for
foothold, balancing himself on icy ridges and vanishing into a couloir
of the mountain--first depositing his rucksack on the rocks to await
his return.  Five minutes passed--ten.  Heinrich startled the silence
with an halloo--no answer.  A quarter of an hour--then, from far below,
a faint cry came.

"It will go," said Heinrich, "get on."  We hurried across the
intervening ice, and met Otmar returning like a cat up the rocks.  Down
that narrow slit in the mountain we descended with headlong speed.
There were drops of thirty and fifty feet, slabs of rock to cross with
negligible foot and hand holds, passages of loose rock where a careless
move would have sent great stones thundering on the heads of those
before.  Once Heinrich lowered me like a bale of goods down a
smooth-faced precipice of fifty feet.  Once he cried: "Quick: it is
dangerous," and looking up at the crest of the Wetterhorn I saw a huge
block of ice poised perilously above our downward path.

The night was now upon us.  We were wet to the skin.  A thunderstorm of
exceptional violence added to the grimness of the setting.  But we were
down the ridge at last.  We raced across a narrow tongue of the glacier
and were safe on the spur of rocks where we knew the Gleckstein hut to
be.  But there was no light to guide us.  We scrambled breathlessly
over boulders and across torrents from the Wetterhorn, each of us
hardly visible to the other in the thickening mist, save when the blaze
of lightning flashed the scene into sudden and spectral clearness.  At
last we struck a rough mountain path, and five minutes later we lifted
the latch of the hut.

"What is the time, Heinrich?"

"Half-past eight."

"What would you have done, Otmar, if we had been benighted?"

Otmar did not hear.  But as he got the wood and made the fire, and
emptied the rucksacks of our provisions, he began to sing in a pleasant
tenor voice.  And Heinrich joined in with his full bass.

And presently, stripped of our wet clothes and wrapped in blankets, we
sat down to a glorious meal of steaming tea--in an iron teapot as large
as a pail--tongue, soup, potted chicken, and jam.

"That was a narrow escape from a night on the mountains," I said.

"It is a very foolish glacier," said Heinrich.

Otmar said nothing.

Five hours later Otmar woke us from our bed of hay.

"It is fine," he said.  "The Wetterhorn will go."

      *      *      *      *      *

As I look up it is still raining and the sad sheaves still stand in the
sodden fields.  But I have been a journey.  I have had three weeks in
the Oberland--three weeks of summer days with a world at peace, the
world that seems like a dream we once had, so remote has it become and
so incredible.  I roll up my magic carpet and bless the man who
invented maps for the solace of men.




ON A TALK IN A BUS

I jumped on to a bus in Fleet Street the other evening and took a seat
against the door.  Opposite me sat a young woman in a conductor's
dress, who carried on a lively conversation with the woman conductor in
charge of the bus.  There were the usual criticisms of the habits and
wickedness of passengers, and then the conductor inside asked the other
at the door how "Flo" was getting on at the job and whether she was
"sticking it out."

"Pretty girl, ain't she?" she said.

"Well, I can't see where the pretty comes in," replied the other.

"Have you seen her when she has her hat off?  She's pretty then."

"Can't see what difference that would make."

"She's got nice eyes."

"Never see anything particular about her eyes."

"Well, she's a nice kid, anyway."

"Yes, she's a nice kid all right, but I can't see the pretty about
her--not a little bit.  Pretty!"  She tossed her head and looked
indignant, almost hurt, as though she had received some secret personal
affront.

I do not think she had.  It was more probable that on a subject about
which she felt deeply she had suffered a painful shock.  She liked
"Flo," thought her "a nice kid," but mere personal affection could not
be permitted to compromise the stern truth about a sacred subject like
"prettiness."

The little incident interested me because it illustrated one of the
great differences between the sexes.  You have only to try to turn that
conversation into masculine terms to see how wide that difference is.
Tom and Bill might have a hundred things to say about Jack.  They might
agree that he was a liar or an honest chap, that he drank too much or
didn't drink enough, that he was mean or generous; but there is one
thing it would never occur to them to discuss.  It would never occur to
them to discuss his looks, to talk about his eyes, to consider whether
he was more beautiful with or without his hat.  They might say that he
looked merry or miserable, sulky or pleasant, but that would have
reference to Jack's character and moral aptitudes and not to any
aesthetic consideration.

But this conversation about "Flo" was entirely aesthetic.  The question
of her moral traits only came in as a means of dodging the main issue.
The main issue was whether she was pretty, and it was evidently a very
important issue indeed.

It is this interest of women in their own sex as works of art that
distinguishes them from men.  Men have no interest in their own sex in
that sense.  Sit on a bus and see what interests the male passenger.
It is not his fellow males.  He does not sit and study their clothes,
and make mental notes on their claims to beauty.  If he is interested
in his fellow passengers at all it is the other sex that appeals to
him.  His own sex has no pictorial attraction for him.  But a woman is
interested in women and women only.  It is their clothes that her eye
wanders over with mild envy or disapproval.  You almost hear her mind
recording the price of that muff, those furs, the hat and the boots.
At the end of her survey you feel that she knows what everything cost,
what are the wearer's ambitions, social status, place of residence--in
fact, all about her.  And she is equally concerned about her physical
qualities.  She will watch a pretty face with open admiration, and pay
it the same sort of tribute that she would pay to a beautiful picture
or any other work of art.  "What a pretty woman!"  "What lovely hair
that girl has!"

This is not a peculiarity of our own people alone.  Not long ago I went
with two French officers over a great munitions factory near Paris.  We
were accompanied by a clever little woman who was secretary to the head
of one of the departments, and who acted as guide.  We went through
great shops where thousands of women were working, and as we passed
along I noticed that every eye fell on the little woman.  I became so
interested in this human fact that I forgot to give my attention to the
machinery.  And to be honest I am always ready to turn away from
machinery, which to me is much less interesting than human nature.  I
think I can say with truth that not one woman in all those thousands
failed to scan our guide or bothered to give one glance at the
officers.  Yet they were fine fellows and obviously important persons,
while the guide was commonplace in appearance and quite plainly dressed.

There are of course women who dress and comport themselves with an eye
to male admiration as well as female envy and appreciation.  They are
the women of the bold eye, which is not the same thing as the brave
eye.  But taking women in the lump, it is their own sex they are
interested in.  They devote enormous attention to dress, but they do so
for each other's enjoyment.  They have a passion for personal beauty,
but it is the personal beauty of their own sex that appeals to them.
No doubt there is a sexual motive underlying this fact.  It is the
motive expressed in "'My face is my fortune, sir,' she said."  The
desire to be pretty is ultimately the desire to be matrimonially
fortunate.  Bill's success in life has no relation to his looks.  He
may be as ugly as sin, but if he has strong arms, a good digestion, and
a sound mind he will do as well as another.  Some of the plainest men
in England have sat on the Woolsack.  Plain women, it is true, have
come to eminence.  Catherine Sedley, the mistress of James II., is a
case in point.  She herself was puzzled to explain her influence over
that sour fanatic-libertine, for, as she said, "I have no beauty and he
has not the faculty to appreciate my intelligence."  But the exceptions
prove the rule.  Prettiness is the woman's commodity.  It is the badge
of her servitude.  And behind that little conversation in the bus about
"Flo's" claims to prettiness was a very practical, though unformed,
consideration of her prospects in life.

What will be the effect of the war upon "Flo" and her kind?  She has
found that she has an independent, non-sexual importance to society,
that she has a career which has nothing to do with prettiness, that she
can win her bread with her mental and physical faculties as easily as a
man.  She has tasted freedom and discovered herself.  The discovery
will give her a new independence of outlook, a more self-confident view
of her place in society, a greater respect for the hard practical
things of life.  She will still desire to be pretty and to have the
admiration of her sex, but the desire will have a sounder foundation
than in the past It will no longer be her career.  It will be her
ornament.  It will decorate the fact that she can run a bus as well as
a man.




ON VIRTUES THAT DON'T COUNT

I often think that when we go down into the Valley of Jehoshaphat we
shall all be greatly astonished at the credit and debit items we shall
find against our names in the ledger of our life.  We shall discover
that many of the virtues which we thought would give us a thumping
credit balance have not been recorded at all, and that some of our
failings have by the magic of celestial book-keeping been entered on
the credit side.  The fact is that our virtues are often no virtues at
all.  They may even only be vices, seen in reverse.


Take Smithson Spinks--everyone knows the Smithson Spinks type.  What a
reputation for generosity the fellow has!  What a grandeur of giving he
exhales!  How noble his scorn for mean fellows!  How royal the flash of
his hand to his pocket if you are getting up a testimonial to this man,
or a fund for that object, or want a loan yourself!  No one hesitates
to ask Smithson Spinks for anything.  He likes to be asked.  He would
be hurt if he were not asked.  And yet if you track Smithson Spinks's
generosity to its source you find that it is only pride turned inside
out.  The true motive of his giving is not love of his fellows, but
love of himself and the vanity of a mind that wants the admiration and
envy of others.  You see the reverse of the shield at home, where the
real Smithson Spinks is discovered as a stingy fellow, who grumbles
when the boys want new boots and who leaves his wife to struggle
perpetually with a load of debt and an empty purse, while he plays the
part of the large-hearted gentleman abroad.  He believes in his own
fiction, but when he looks in the ledger he will have a painful shock.
He will turn to the credit side, expecting to find GENEROSITY written
in large and golden letters, and he will probably find instead VANITY
in plain black on the debit side.

And I--let us say that I flatter myself on being a truthful person.
But am I?  What will the ledger say?  I have a dreadful suspicion that
it may put my truthfulness down to the compulsion of a tremulous nerve.
I may--who knows?--only be truthful because I haven't courage enough
for dissimulation.  It may not be a positive moral virtue at all, but
only the moral reflection of a timorous spirit.  It needs great courage
to tell a lie which you have got to face out.  I could no more do it
than I could dance on the point of a needle.

Consider the courage of that monumental liar Arthur Orton--the sheer
unflinching audacity with which he challenged the truth, facing
Tichborne's own mother with his impudent tale of being her son, facing
judges and juries, going into witness-boxes with his web of outrageous
inventions, keeping a stiff lip before the devastating rain of
exposure.  A ruffian, of course, a thick-skinned ruffian, but what
courage!

Now there may be a potential Arthur Orton in me, but he has never had a
chance.  I have no gift of dissimulation.  If I tried it I should
flounder like a boy on his first pair of skates.  I could not bluff a
rabbit.  No one would believe me if I told him a lie.  My eye would
return a verdict of guilty against me on the spot, and my tongue would
refuse its office.  And therein is the worm that eats at my
self-respect.  May not my obedience to the ten commandments be only due
to my fear of the eleventh commandment--that cynical rescript which
runs, "Thou shalt not be found out"?  I hope it is not so, but I must
prepare myself for the revelations of the ledger in the Valley of
Jehoshaphat.  For they will be as candid about me and you as about
Smithson Spinks.

You can never be absolutely sure of a man's moral nature until you have
shipped him, figuratively,

  ... somewhere east of Suez
  Where the best is like the worst,
  Where there aren't no ten commandments,
  And a man can raise a thirst--

until in fact you have got him away from his defences, liberated him
from the conventions and respectabilities that encompass him with
minatory fingers and vigilant eyes, and left him to the uncontrolled
governance of himself.  Then it will be found whether the virtues are
diamonds or paste--whether they spring out of the ten commandments or
out of the eleventh.  The lord Angelo in _Measure for Measure_ passed
for a strict and saintly person--and I have no doubt believed himself
to be a strict and saintly person--so long as he was under control, but
when the Duke's back was turned the libertine appeared.  And note that
subtle touch of Shakespeare's.  Angelo was not an ordinary libertine.
He passed for a saint because he could not be tempted by vice, but only
by virtue.  Hear him communing with himself when Isabella has gone:

  ... What is't I dream on?
  O cunning enemy, that, to catch a saint,
  With saints dost bait thy hook!  Most dangerous
  Is that temptation that doth goad us on
  To sin in loving virtue; never could the strumpet,
  With all her double vigour, art and nature
  Once stir my temper; but this virtuous maid
  Subdues me quite.

His saintliness revolted from vice, but his love of virtue opened the
floodgates of viciousness.  What a paradox is man!  I think I have
known more than one lord Angelo whose virtue rested on nothing better
than a fastidious taste, or an absence of appetite.

That is certainly the case with many people who have the quality of
sobriety.  Abraham Lincoln, himself a total abstainer, once got into
great trouble for saying so.  He was addressing a temperance meeting at
a Presbyterian church, and said: "In my judgment such of us as have
never fallen victims (to drink) have been spared more from the absence
of appetite than from any mental or moral superiority over those who
have fallen."  It seemed a reasonable thing to say, but it shocked the
stern teetotalers present.  "It's a shame," said one, "that he should
be permitted to abuse us so in the house of the Lord."  They did not
like to feel that they were not more virtuous than men who drank and
even got drunk.  They expected to have a large credit entry for not
tippling.  Like Malvolio, they mixed up virtue with "cakes and ale."
If you indulged in them you were vicious, and if you abstained from
them you were virtuous.  It was a beautifully simple moral code, but
virtue is not so easily catalogued.  It is not a negative thing, but a
positive thing.  It is not measured by its antipathies but by its
sympathies.  Its manifestations are many, but its root is one, and its
names are "truth and justice," which even the Prayer Book puts before
"religion and piety."

And to return to the Lincoln formula, if you have no taste for tippling
what virtue is there in not tippling?  The virtue is often with the
tippler.  I knew a man who died of drink, and whose life, nevertheless,
had been an heroic struggle with his enemy.  He was always falling, but
he never ceased fighting.  And it is the fighting, I think, he will
find recorded in the ledger--greatly to his surprise, for he had the
most modest opinion of his merits and a deep sense of his moral
infirmity.

It is no more virtuous for some men not to get drunk than it is for a
Rothschild not to put his hand in his neighbour's pocket in order to
steal half-a-crown.  He doesn't need a half-crown, and there is no
virtue in not stealing what you don't want.  That was what was wrong
with the "Northern Farmer's" philosophy that those who had money were
the best:

  Tis'n them as 'as munny as breaks into 'ouses an' steaels,
  Them as 'as coaets to their backs an' taaekes their regular meaels.
  Noae, but it's them as niver knaws wheer a meael's to be 'ad--
  Taaeke my word for it, Sammy, the poor in a loomp is bad.

It was a creed of virtue which looked at the fact and not at the
temptation.  He will have found a much more complex system of
book-keeping where he has gone.  I imagine him standing painfully
puzzled at the sort of accounts which he will find made up in the
"valley of decision."




ON HATE AND THE SOLDIER

"And when are you going back to fight those vermin again?" asked the
man in the corner.

"D'ye mean ole Fritz?" said the soldier.

"I mean those Huns," said the other.

"Oh, there's nothing wrong with ole Fritz," replied the soldier.  "He
can't help hisself.  He's shoved out there in the mud to fight same as
we are, and he does the job same as we do.  But he'd jolly well like to
chuck the business and go home.  Course he would.  Stands to reason.
Anybody would."

It was a disappointing reply to the man in the corner, who obviously
felt that the other was wanting in the first essential of a soldier--a
personal hatred of the individual enemy.  This man clearly did not hate
the enemy.  Yet if anyone was entitled to hate him he had abundant
reason.  He had been out since August, 1914, had been wounded four
times, buried by shell explosion three times, and gassed twice.  It was
two years since he had been home on leave, and now he was on his way to
see his people in the West of England.  He talked about his experiences
with the calm dispassionateness of one describing commonplace things,
quite uncomplainingly, very sensibly, and without the least trace of
egotism.  He'd been in a horrible spot lately, "reg'lar death-trap," at
G----.  "Nobody can hold it," he said.  "We take it when we like, and
Fritz, he takes it when _he_ likes.  That's all there is about it."  It
was noticeable that he always spoke of the enemy as "Fritz," and always
without any appearance of personal animus.

I do not record the incident as unusual.  I record it as usual.  No one
who has had much intercourse with soldiers at the front, whether rank
or file, will dispute this.  In any circumstances, it is hard to nurse
a passion at white heat over a term of years, and it is impossible to
do so when you see the ugly business of war at close quarters.  You
have to be comfortably at home to really enjoy the luxury of hate.  I
have heard more bitter things from the lips of clergymen and seen more
bitter things from the pen of so-called comic journalists than I have
heard from the lips of soldiers, and in that admirable collection of
utterances of hate in Germany, made by Mr. William Archer, it will be
found that the barbaric things generally come from the pulpits or the
studies of be-spectacled professors.

The soldier is too near the foul business, sees all the misery and
suffering too close, to be consumed with hate.  If he could envy the
other fellow he would stand a better chance of hating him.  But he sees
that Fritz is in no better plight than himself.  He is living in the
mud among the rats too, and is just as helpless an atom in the machine
of war as himself.  He sees his body, torn and disgusting, cumbering
the battlefield, or hanging limp and horrible on the barbed wire in No
Man's Land.  It is Fritz's turn to-day; it may be his own to-morrow.
And the baser feeling gives place to a general compassion.  The chord
of a common humanity is struck, and if he does not actually love his
enemy he ceases to hate him.

But the man in the corner of the carriage need have no fear that this
means that the soldier opposite is a less valuable fighting man in
consequence.  The idea that you must grind your teeth all the time is
an infantile delusion.  I should have much more confidence in that
quiet, sane, undemonstrative soldier in the face of the enemy than I
should have in the people who kill the enemy with their mouth, and
prove their patriotism by the violence of their language.  I have known
many brave men who have given their lives heroically in this war, but I
cannot recall one--not one--who stained his heroism with vulgar hate.

The gospel of hate as the instrument of victory, indeed, is not the
soldier's gospel at all.  There have been few greater soldiers in
history than General Lee, and probably no more saintly man.  He fought
literally to the last ditch, but he never ceased to repudiate the
doctrine of hate.  When the minister in the course of a sermon had
expressed himself bitterly about the enemy, Lee said to him: "Doctor,
there is a good old Book which says, 'Love your enemies.'  Do you think
that your remarks this evening were quite in the spirit of that
teaching?"  And when one of his generals exclaimed of the enemy, "I
wish these people were all dead," Lee answered, "How can you say so?
Now, I wish they were all at home attending to their business and
leaving us to do the same."  And Lee stated his attitude generally when
he said: "I have fought against the people of the North because I
believed they were seeking to wrest from the South dearest rights.  But
I have never cherished bitter or vindictive feelings and have never
seen the day when I did not pray for them."

There was a striking illustration of the contrast between the soldier's
and the civilian's attitude towards the enemy the other day.  In the
current issue of _Punch_ I saw a poem by Sir Owen Seaman (the author of
that heroic line, "I hate all Huns"), addressed to the "Huns," in which
he said:

  But where you have met your equals,
    Gun for gun and man for man,
  We have noticed other sequels,
    It was always you that ran.


In the newspapers that same morning (5th March, 1918) there appeared a
report from Sir Douglas Haig, in the course of which he said:


Many of the hits upon our Tanks at Flesquieres were obtained by a
German artillery officer who, remaining alone at his battery, served a
field gun single-handed until killed at his gun.  The great bravery of
this officer aroused the admiration of all ranks.


The same chivalrous spirit breathes through the letters of Captain
Ball, V.C., published in the memoir of the brilliant airman.  He was
little more than a boy when he was killed after an almost unparalleled
career of victory in the air.  He fought with a terrible skill, but he
had no more personal animus for his opponent than he would have had for
the bowler whom it was his business to hit to the boundary.  In one of
his letters to his father he said:


You ask me to let the devils have it when I fight.  Yes, I always let
them have all I can, but really I don't think them devils.  I only
scrap because it is my duty, but I do not think anything bad about the
Huns.  He is just a good chap with very little guts, trying to do his
best.  Nothing makes me feel more rotten than to see them go down, but
you see it is either them or me, so I must do my best to make it a case
of _them_.


And the gay, healthy temper in which he played his part is revealed in
another letter, in which he describes a fight that ended in mutual
laughter:


We kept on firing until we had used up all our ammunition.  There was
nothing more to be done after that, so we both burst out laughing.  We
couldn't help it--it was so ridiculous.  We flew side by side laughing
at each other for a few seconds, and then we waved adieu to each other
and went off.  He was a real sport was that Hun.


That is a pleasant picture to carry in the mind, the two high-spirited
boys sent out to kill each other, faithfully trying to do their duty,
failing, and then riding through the air side by side with merry
laughter at their mutual discomfiture and gay adieus at parting.

And at the risk of hurting the feelings of the man in the corner I
shall recall a letter which shows that even among the enemy of to-day,
even among that worst of all military types, the German officer, there
are those whom the miseries and horrors of war touch to something
nobler than hate.  The letter appeared in the _Cologne Gazette_ early
in the war, and was as follows:


Perhaps you will be so good as to assist by the publication of these
lines in freeing our troops from an evil which they feel very strongly.
I have on many occasions, when distributing among the men the postal
packets, observed among them postcards on which the defeated French,
English and Russians were derided in a tasteless fashion.

The impression made by these postcards on our men is highly noteworthy.
Scarcely anybody is pleased with these postcards; on the contrary,
everyone expresses his displeasure.

This is natural when one considers the position.  We know how victories
are won.  We also know by what tremendous sacrifices they are obtained.
We see with our own eyes the unspeakable misery of the battlefield.  We
rejoice over our victories, but our joy is damped by the recollection
of the sad pictures which we observe almost daily.

And our enemies have in an overwhelming majority of cases truly not
deserved to be derided in such a way.  Had they not fought so bravely
we should not have had to register such losses.

Insipid, therefore, as these postcards are in themselves, their effect
here, on the battlefields, in the presence of our dead and wounded, is
only calculated to cause disgust.  Such postcards are as much out of
place on the battlefield as a clown is at a funeral.  Perhaps these
lines may prove instrumental in decreasing the number of such postcards
sent to our troops.


I do not suppose they did.  I have no doubt the fire-eaters at home
went on fire-eating under the impression that that was what the men at
the front wanted to keep up their fighting spirit.  But it is not.
There is plenty of hate in the trenches, but it is directed, not
against the victims of war, but against the institution of war.  That
is the one ray of hope that shines over the dismal landscape of Europe
to-day.




ON TAKING THE CALL

Jane came home from the theatre last night overflowing with an
indignation that even the beauty of a ride on the top of a bus in the
air of these divine summer nights had not cooled.  It was not
dissatisfaction with the play or the performance that made her boil
with volcanic wrath.  It was the vanity of the insufferable
actor-manager, who would insist on "taking the call" all the time and
every time.  There were some quite nice people in the play, it seemed,
but the more the audience called for them the more the preposterous
"old-clo'" man of the stage came smirking before the curtain, rubbing
his fat hands and creasing his fat cheeks.  "It was disgusting," said
Jane.  "The creature had been gibbering in the lime-light all night,
and the audience were trying to level things up a bit by giving the
interesting people a show, and this greedy cormorant snatched every
crumb for himself.  I hate him.  He is a Hun."

The outburst reminded me of a story I once heard about another
actor-manager.  At the end of the play he went on the stage and found
his company bending down in a circle and gazing intently at something
on the floor.  "What are you looking at?" he asked.  "Oh," they chanted
in chorus, "we're looking at a spot we've never seen before.  It's the
centre of the stage."

There are, of course, people who carry the centre of the stage with
them.  It does not matter where they go or what they play: they
dominate the scene.  "Where O'Flaherty sits is the head of the table,"
and where Coquelin stood was the centre of the stage.  He needed no
placard to remind you that he was someone in particular.  You would no
more have thought of turning the limelight on to him than you would
have thought of turning it on to the moon at midnight or the sun at
midday.  He just appeared and everyone else became accessory to that
commanding presence: he spoke and all other voices seemed like the
chirping of sparrows.

And so in other spheres.  Take the case of Mr. Asquith, for example, in
relation to the House of Commons.  It does not matter where he sits.
He may go to the darkest corner under the gallery, but the centre of
the stage will go with him.  When he had sat down after delivering his
first speech in opposition, one of the ablest observers in Parliament
turned to me and said: "The Prime Minister has crossed the floor of the
House."  And that exactly expressed the feeling created by that
authoritative manner, that masculine voice, that air of high detachment
from the mere squalor and tricks of the Parliamentary game.  He never
seemed greater to the House than in the moment when he had
fallen--never more its intellectual master, its most authentic voice,
its wisest and most disinterested counsellor.

It is not these men, the Coquelins and the Asquiths, who come sprinting
before the curtain after drenching themselves in the limelight on the
stage.  They hate the limelight and they are indifferent to the
applause.  The gentry who cultivate the art of "taking the call" are
quite another breed.  You know the type, both on the stage and off.
Take that eminent actor, Bluffington Phelps.  He shambles about the
stage, his words gurgle in his throat, his eyes roll like a bull's
under torture; if he is not throwing agonised glances at the man with
the limelight he is straining to catch the voice of the prompter at the
flies.  But when it comes to "taking the call" there is not his
superior on the stage.  He monopolises the applause as he monopolises
the limelight; and by these artifices he has persuaded the public that
he is an actor.  It is a glorious joke--

  Hood an ass in reverend purple,
  So that you hide his too ambitious ears,
  And he shall pass for a cathedral doctor.


It is true, as Lincoln said, that you can fool some of the people all
the time.  Mr. Bluffington Phelps knows that it is true.  He knows that
there is a large part of the public, possibly the majority of the
public, which is born to be fooled, which will believe anything because
it hasn't the faculty of judging anything but the size of the crowd and
which will always follow the ass with the longest ears and the loudest
bray.

It is the same off the stage.  The art of politics is the art of
"taking the call."  Harley knew the trick perfectly.  Where anything
was to be got, it was said of him, he always knew how to wriggle
himself in; when any misfortune threatened he knew how to wriggle
himself out.  He took the cheers and passed the kicks on to his
colleagues.  His chivalrous spirit is not dead.  It is familiar in
every country, but most of all in democratic countries.  We all know
the type of politician who has the true genius for the limelight.  If
the newspapers forget him for five minutes he is miserable.  "What has
happened to the publicity department?  Has the fellow in charge of the
limelight gone to sleep?  Wake him up.  Don't let the public forget me.
If there's nothing else to tell 'em, tell 'em that my hat is two sizes
larger than it was a year ago.  Tell 'em about my famous smile.  Tell
'em about my dear old grandmother to whom I owe my inimitable piety.
Tell 'em I'm at my desk at seven o'clock every morning and never leave
it until half-past seven the next morning.  Tell 'em anything you
like--only tell 'em."

If things go right, and there is applause in the house, he skips in
front of the curtain to take the call.  "Thank you, gentlemen--and
ladies.  Thank you.  Yes, alone I did it.  Nobody else in the company
had a hand in it--nor a finger.  No, not a finger."  If anything goes
wrong and the audience hiss, does he shirk the ordeal?  Not at all.  He
comes before the curtain with indignant sorrow.  "Yes, ladies and
gentlemen, I agree with you.  Most scandalous failure.  It was all
Jones's doing, and Smith's, and Robinson's.  I went down on my bended
knees to them, but they wouldn't listen to me--wouldn't listen.  And
now you see what's happened.  Hear the anguish in my voice.  Look at
the tears in my broken-hearted eyes.  Oh, the pity of it, ladies and
gentlemen--the pity of it.  And I tried so hard--I really did.  But
they wouldn't listen--they wouldn't l-l-listen."  (Breaks down in sobs.)

I recall a legend that seems apposite.  A certain politician of
antiquity--let us all call him Eurysthenes--hit on a happy idea for
making himself famous.  He bought a lot of parrots and taught them to
shriek "Great is Eurysthenes!"  Then he turned them all out into the
woods, and there they sat and squawked "Great is Eurysthenes!"  And the
Athenians, astonished at such unanimity, took up the refrain and cried,
"Great is Eurysthenes."  And Eurysthenes, who was waiting in the flies,
so to speak, took the call and was famous ever after.




A DITHYRAMB ON A DOG

Chum, roped securely to the cherry tree, is barking at the universe in
general and at the cows in the paddock beyond the orchard in
particular.  Occasionally he pauses to snap at passing bees, of which
the orchard is full on this bright May morning; but he soon tires of
this diversion and resumes his loud-voiced demand to share in the good
things that are going.  For the sun is high, the cuckoo is shouting
over the valley, and the woods are calling him to unknown adventures.
They shall not call in vain.  Work shall be suspended and this morning
shall be dedicated to his service.  For this is the day of deliverance.
The word is spoken and the shadow of the sword is lifted.  The battle
for his biscuit is won.

He does not know what a narrow shave he has had.  He does not know that
for weeks past he has been under sentence of death as an encumbrance, a
luxury that this savage world of men could no longer afford; that
having taken away his bones we were about to take away his biscuits and
leave his cheerful companionship a memory of the dream world we lived
in before the Great Killing began.  All this he does not know.  That is
one of the numerous advantages of being a dog.  He knows nothing of the
infamies of men or of the incertitudes of life.  He does not look
before and after and pine for what is not.  He has no yesterday and no
to-morrow--only the happy or the unhappy present.  He does not, as
Whitman says, "lie awake at night thinking of his soul," or lamenting
his past or worrying about his future.  His bereavements do not disturb
him and he doesn't care twopence about his career.  He has no debts and
hungers for no honours.  He would rather have a bone than a baronetcy.
He does not turn over old albums, with their pictured records of
forgotten holidays and happy scenes and yearn for the "tender grace of
a day that is dead," or wonder whether he will keep his job and what
will become of his "poor old family," as Stevenson used to say, if he
doesn't, or speculate whether the war will end this year, next year,
some time, or never.  He doesn't even know there is a war.  Think of
it!  He doesn't know there is a war.  O happy dog!  Give him a bone, a
biscuit, a good word, and a scamper in the woods, and his cup of joy is
full.  Would that my needs were as few and as easily satisfied.

And now his biscuit is safe and I have the rare privilege of rejoicing
with Sir Frederick Banbury.  I do not know that I should go as far as
he seems to go, for in that touching little speech of his at the Cannon
Street Hotel he indicated that nothing in the heavens above or in the
earth beneath should stand between him and his dogs.  "In August,
1914," he said, "my son went to France.  The night before he left he
said, 'Father, look after my dogs and horses while I am away.'  I said,
'Don't you worry about them.'  He was killed in December, and I have
got the horses and dogs now.  As I said to Mr. Bonar Law last year, I
should like to see the man who would tell me I have not to look after
my son's dogs and horses."  Well, I suppose that if the choice were
between a German victory and a dog biscuit, the dog biscuit would have
to go, Sir Frederick.  But I rejoice with you that we have not to make
the choice.  I rejoice that the sentence of death has passed from your
dead son's horses and dogs and from that noble creature under the
cherry tree.

Look at him, barking now at the cows, now with eloquent appeal at me,
and then, having caught my eye, turning sportively to worry the hated
rope.  He knows that my intentions this morning are honourable.  I
think he feels that, in spite of appearances, I am in that humour in
which at any radiant moment the magic word "Walk" may leap from my
lips.  What a word that is!  No sleep so sound that it will not
penetrate its depths and bring him, passionately awake, to his feet.
He would sacrifice the whole dictionary for that one electric syllable.
That and its brother "Bones."  Give him these good, sound, sensible
words, and all the fancies of the poets and all the rhetoric of the
statesmen may whistle down the winds.  He has no use for them.  "Walk"
and "Bones"--that is the speech a fellow can understand.

Yes, Chum knows very well that I am thinking about him and thinking
about him in an uncommonly friendly way.  That is the secret of the
strange intimacy between us.  We may love other animals, and other
animals may respond to our affection.  But the dog is the only animal
who has a reciprocal intelligence.  As Coleridge says, he is the only
animal that _looks upward_ to man, strains to catch his meanings,
hungers for his approval.  Stroke a cat or a horse, and it will have a
physical pleasure; but pat Chum and call him "Good dog!" and he has a
spiritual pleasure.  He feels good.  He is pleased because you are
pleased.  His tail, his eyebrows, every part of him, proclaim that
"God's in his heaven, all's right with the world," and that he himself
is on the side of the angels.

And just as he has the sense of virtue, so also he has the sense of
sin.  A cat may be taught not to do certain things, but if it is caught
out and flees, it flees not from shame, but from fear.  But the shame
of a dog touches an abyss of misery as bottomless as any human emotion.
He has fallen out of the state of grace, and nothing but the absolution
and remission of his sin will restore him to happiness.  By his
association with man he seems to have caught something of his capacity
for spiritual misery.  I had an Airedale once who had moods of
despondency as abysmal as my own.  He was as sentimental as any minor
poet, and at the sound of certain tunes on the piano he would break
into paroxysms of grief, whining and moaning as if in one moment of
concentrated anguish he recalled every bereavement he had endured,
every bone he had lost, every stone heaved at him by his hated enemy,
the butcher's boy.  Indeed, there are times when the dog approximates
so close to our intelligence that he seems to be of us, a sort of
humble relation of ourselves, with our elementary feelings but not our
gift of expression, our joy but not our laughter, our misery but not
our tears, our thoughts but not our speech.  To sentence him to death
would be almost like homicide, and the day of his reprieve should be
celebrated as a festival....

Come, old friend.  Let us away to the woods.  "Walk" ...




ON HAPPY FACES IN THE STRAND

I was walking along the Strand a few afternoons ago and had a singular
impression of a cheerful world.  The Strand is to me always the most
attractive street I know, especially on bright afternoons when the sun
is drooping behind the Admiralty Arch and its light glints and dances
in the eyes of the crowd moving westward.  Then it is that I seem to
see the wayfarers transfigured into a procession hurrying in pursuit of
some sunlit adventure of the soul, and am almost persuaded to turn
round and catch with them the flash of vision that gleams in their
eyes.  But the thing that struck me this afternoon was the unusual
gaiety of the people.  It seemed to me that I had never seen such a
procession of laughing, happy faces.  Probably it was due to the fact
that it was about the time when the afternoon theatres were emptying.
Probably also the impression on my mind was all the sharper because it
was a day of depressing tidings--bad news from Russia, from Italy, from
everywhere.  I did not suppose that these merry people were ignorant of
the news or indifferent to it.  They were simply obeying the impulse of
healthy minds and good digestions to be cheerful--_quand meme_.

And as I passed along I wondered whether, in spite of all the tragedy
in which our life is cast, our fund of personal happiness is
undiminished.  Do we come into the world with a certain capacity for
pleasure and pain and realise it no matter what our external
circumstances may be?  Johnson took that view and expressed it in the
familiar lines incorporated in Goldsmith's "Traveller"--the only lines
of Johnson's very pedestrian poetry which have won a sort of
immortality:

  How small, of all that human hearts endure,
  That part which kings or laws can cause or cure.
  Still to ourselves in every place consigned
  Our own felicity we make or find.

In its political intention I have always disagreed with this verse.
Johnson was a Tory who loved liberty in its social meanings, but
distrusted it as a political ideal and hated all agitation for reform.
And because he hated reform he said that our happiness had no relation
to the conditions in which we live.

It is an argument which must be a great comfort to the slum-owner, the
slave-owner, the profiteer, and all the odious people who live by
exploiting others.  And like most falsities there is a sense in which
it is true.  The child playing in a sunless court laughs as gaily and
probably experiences as much animal happiness--assuming it is
sufficiently fed and sufficiently warm--as the boy in the Eton
playing-fields.  It is a mercy it is so.  It is a mercy that we have
this reservoir of defiant happiness within that answers the harsh and
bitter blows of outward circumstance.  But he who advances this fact as
a political argument is not a wise man.  Is the quality of happiness
nothing?  Is it nothing to us whether we find our happiness over a
pint-pot, or in the love of gardens, the beauties of the world and the
infinite fields of the mind's adventures?  Is it nothing to society?
We have learned that even the pig is better for a clean sty.

But putting aside the quality of happiness and its social aspects,
there is much truth in Johnson's lines.  Happiness is an entirely
personal affair.  We have it in large measure or in small, but in so
far as we have it it is wholly and completely ours and not the sport of
fortune.  I do not say that if you put me in a dungeon it will not
lessen the sum of my happiness, for personal freedom is the soul of
happiness.  If you are a sensitive person the sorrows of the world will
afflict you, but they will afflict you as a personal thing, and it may
be doubted whether their magnitude will add to the affliction.  I hope
it is not a shocking thing to say, but I sometimes doubt, looking on
the world as it appears to me and putting aside the infinity of sheer
physical suffering, whether the sum of personal happiness is less
to-day than in normal times.

I was talking the other day to a well-known author, who expressed
satisfaction that he had had the good fortune to live in the most
"interesting" period of the world's history.  There was an indignant
protest against the word from another member of the company; but the
author insisted.  Yes, interesting.  Could not tragedy be interesting
as well as comedy?  Could not one feel all the horror and misery and
insanity of this frightful upheaval, shoulder one's tasks, take one's
part in the battle, and still preserve in the quiet chambers of the
mind a detached and philosophic contemplation of the drama and
pronounce it--yes, interesting?  His own record of unselfish service
during the war, and his passionate desire for a sane and ordered world
were too unquestionable for his meaning to be misunderstood.

And the idea he wished to convey was sound enough.  There has never
been an event on the earth which has so absorbed the thought, the
energies, and the faculties of men as the catastrophe through which we
are living.  It overshadows every moment of our lives, colours
everything that we do, roots up our habits, cuts down our food, breaks
up our homes, scatters the dead like leaves over the plains of Europe,
and sows the seas with the wreckage of a thousand ships.  I can fancy
that when our great-grand-children in 2017 look back upon the days of
their forefathers they will picture us cowering like sheep before the
tempest, with no thought except of the gigantic cataclysm that has
overtaken us.  In a sense they will be right.  In another sense they
will be wrong.  We are living through a nightmare, but we laugh in our
dreams.  The vastness of the general calamity might be expected to
plunge us individually in despair.  But it doesn't.  Individually we
seem to preserve a defiant cheerfulness, snatch our pleasures with a
sharpened appetite, can even find a fascination in the wild sky and the
lightnings that stab the tortured earth.

As I look up I see the buses passing and read the announcements on the
knife-boards.  You might, reading them, suppose that we were living in
the most light-hearted of worlds.  There is "A Little Bit of Fluff" at
one theatre, "High Jinks" at another, "Monty's Flapper" here, the "Bing
Girls" there, and someone called Shirley Kellogg invites me to
"Zig-Zag."  These, my dear child of A.D. 2017, are the things with
which England amused itself in the time of the tempest.  And do not
forget also that it was during the great war that Charlie Chaplin swept
the two hemispheres with the magic of his incomparable idiocy.  Perhaps
without the great war he could not have achieved such unparalleled
renown.  For this levity is largely a counterpoise to our anxieties--a
violent reaction against events, an attempt to keep the balance of
things even.  The strain on us is so heavy that we tend to go a little
wildly in extremes, as the ship sailing through heavy seas plunges into
the trough of the waves and then soars skyward, but preserves its
equilibrium throughout.

We are seen both at our best and our worst--stripped naked as it were
to the soul, our disguises gone, our real selves revealed to ourselves
and to our neighbours, and with equal surprise to both.  Our nerve-ends
are bare, and our reactions to circumstance are violent and irrational.
We are at once more generous and more bitter.  We are the sport even of
the weather.  If we see the silver lining of our spiritual cloud more
brilliantly when the sun laughs in our faces, our depression touches a
more abysmal note when the east wind blows and we flounder in the slush
of our winter nights.  I could not help associating with the procession
of happy faces in the Strand another widely different incident that I
witnessed in a bus the other night.  It seemed the reverse side of the
same shield.  A respectably dressed, middle-aged pair came in out of
the darkness and the sleet.  They were both rather large, and there was
not much room, but they squeezed themselves into two vacant places with
an air of silent resolution which indicated that they would stand no
nonsense, knew how to demand their "rights" and had no civility to
waste on anybody.  You know the sort of people.  If you don't get out
of their way in double quick time they simply sit down on you.  They do
not say "Is there room?" or "Can you make room?"  That would be a sign
of weakness, an act of politeness, and they abominate politeness,
except in other people.  They expect it in other people.

"Where are you going to?" asked the woman when they were seated.

"Victoria," said the man with a snap.

"Well you needn't bite my head off," said the woman.

"I've told you six times," snapped the man.

"What a bully you are," retorted the woman.  Then they subsided into
silence.  Husband and wife, I thought--bursting with bad temper to such
an extent that they boil over even in a bus full of people.  Probably
they have been snarling like that ever since their honeymoon, and will
go on snarling until one puts on crape for the other.

But, on second thoughts, I concluded that this was probably unjust.
They had come in out of the slush and the blackness, and had got the
gloom of the London night in their souls.  Most of us get it in our
souls more or less.  It makes us ill-humoured and depressed.  In the
early days there was a certain novelty in the darkened streets, and
some ecstatic writers discovered that London had never been so
beautiful before.  They even wrote poems about it.  When you blundered
into a pillar-box and began making profuse apologies, or stumbled
against the kerb-stone, or fell into the arms of some invisible but
substantial part of the darkness, or scurried frantically across
Trafalgar Square, you felt that it was all part of the great adventure
of war and was in its way rather romantic and exhilarating.  But three
winters of that experience have exhausted our enthusiasm and have made
London at night a mere debauch of depression except for those who make
it a debauch of another kind.

But whatever the explanation of that little scene in the bus, there is
no doubt that as the long strain goes on it plays havoc with our nerves
and our tempers.  We are tired and angry with this mad world, and since
we cannot visit our anger on the enemy we visit it very unreasonably on
each other.  The shattered vase of life lies in ruins at our feet, and
there is an overmastering temptation to grind the fragments to dust
rather than piece them together for the healing future to restore.  We
have lost faith in men, in principles, in ideals, in ourselves, and are
subdued to the naked barbarism into which civilisation has collapsed.
Religion was never at so low an ebb, so openly repudiated, or, what is
worse, so travestied by charlatans and blackguards.  I heard the other
day the description of an address at a public gathering by a person who
mixed up his blasphemies about some new god of the creature's imagining
with obscenities that would be impossible on a music-hall stage.

In the Divorce Court last week the counsel for the lady in the case
gravely advanced the plea that in these days, when men are dying by the
million in mud and filth, the women at home must not be denied their
excitements, their flirtations and their late suppers.  When Mars is
abroad Venus must be abroad, too.  Murder is the sole business of the
world and lust is its proper pastime.  Take a glance at any bookstall
and note the garbage which lines its shelves.  Dip into the morass of
the popular Sunday newspapers with their millions of circulation, and
see the broth of foulness in which the great public take their weekly
intellectual bath.  The tide has overwhelmed the Stage as it has
overwhelmed the Church, and a wild levity companions our illimitable
tragedy.

It is no new phenomenon.  In time of peril humanity always reveals
these extravagant contrasts, and Boccaccio, with the true instinct of
the artist, set his tales of merriment and licentiousness against the
background of a city perishing of plague.  We live at once more
intensely and more frivolously.  The pendulum of our emotions swings
violently from extreme to extreme and a defiant exhilaration answers
the mood of depression and anxiety.  I can conceive that that couple in
the bus were quite merry when they saw the sun shine in the morning and
read that Vimy Ridge had been won.  There is, in Pepys' Diary, a
delightful illustration of the swift transitions by which the mind in
times of stress seeks to keep its equipoise.  It is the 10th of
September (Lord's Day), 1665.  The plague is at its worst and the whole
city seems doomed.  The war with the Dutch is going badly.  Mrs.
Pepys's father is dying, and everything looks black.  But there comes
news of a success at sea and Pepys goes down the river to meet Lord
Brouncker and Sir J. Minnes at Greenwich--


--where we supped [there was also Sir W. Doyly and Mr. Evelyn]; but the
receipt of this news did put us all into such an extasy of joy that it
inspired into Sir J. Minnes and Mr. Evelyn such a spirit of mirth that
in all my life I never met so merry a two hours as our company this
night.  Among other humours, Mr. Evelyn's repeating of some verses made
up of nothing but the various acceptations of may and can, and doing it
so aptly upon occasion of something of that nature, and so fast, did
make us all die almost with laughing, and did so stop the mouth of Sir
J. Minnes in the middle of all his mirth that I never saw any man so
out-done in all my life; and Sir J. Minnes's mirth to see himself
out-done was the crown of all our mirth.


Isn't that a wonderful picture?  And think of the grave John Evelyn
having this gaiety in him!  You will read the whole of his Diary and
not get one smile from his severe countenance.  I had the curiosity to
turn to his own record of the same time.  He has no entry for the 10th,
but two days before, he says:


Came home, there perishing neere 10,000 poor creatures weekly; however,
I went all along the City and suburbs from Kent Streete to St. James's,
a dismal passage, and dangerous to see so many coffins expos'd in the
streetes, now thin of people; the shops shut up and all in mourneful
silence, as not knowing whose turn might be next.


And then, at the receipt of a bit of good news this austere man is
seized with "such an extasy of joy" that he gives Pepys the merriest
evening of his life.  And Pepys was a good judge of merry evenings.

The truth is expressed somewhere in Hardy's works, where he says that
the soul's specific gravity is always less than that of the sea of
circumstances into which it is cast, and rises unfailingly to the
surface.  There comes to my mind as illustrating this truth a passage
in that great and moving book "Under Fire"--the most tremendous picture
of the horror and squalor of war ever painted by man.  One of the squad
of French soldiers with whom the book deals is in the trenches near
Souchez and the Vimy Ridge.  It is before the English had taken over
that part of the line.  There is a quiet time and some of the men get
on companionable terms with the enemy.  This man's wife and child are
in Lens, just behind the German lines.  He has not seen them for
eighteen months, and out of sheer good nature the German soldiers lend
him a uniform and smuggle him into a coal fatigue which is going into
Lens.  He passes in the disguise among his enemy companions by his own
house and sees through the open door his wife and the widow of a
comrade sitting at their work.  In the room with them are two German
non-commissioned officers, and his child is on the knee of one of them.

But the thing that strikes him to the heart is the fact that his wife
is smiling as she talks to the non-coms.--"Not a forced smile, not a
debtor's smile, non, a real smile that came from her, that she gave."
He did not doubt her affection or her loyalty, and when the bitterness
had passed and he was back in his lines and telling his comrade of the
adventure, he defended her from the criticism of his own mind in words
of extraordinary beauty:


"She's quite young, you know; she's twenty-six.  She can't hold her
youth in, it's coming out of her all over, and when she's resting in
the lamplight and the warmth, she's got to smile; and even if she burst
out laughing, it would just simply be her youth singing in her throat.
It isn't on account of others, if truth were told; it's on account of
herself.  It's life.  She lives.  Ah, yes, she lives and that's all.
It isn't her fault if she lives.  You wouldn't have her die?  Very
well, what do you want her to do?  Cry all day on account of me and the
Boches?  Grouse?  One can't cry all the time, nor grouse for eighteen
months.  Can't be done.  It's too long, I tell you.  That's all there
is to it."


In that poignant story we touch the root of the matter.  We live.  And,
living, the light and shadow of life play across the surface of
ourselves, though deep down in our hearts there is the sense of the
unspeakable tragedy of things.  We may wonder that we can be happy and
may be rather ashamed of it, but "we live" and we cannot deny our
natures.  We may, like Miss Havisham, draw down the blinds, shut out
the world, and dwell in darkness, but then we cease to live and become
mad.  We must laugh if only to keep our sanity, and nature arranges
that we shall laugh even in the face of terrible things.  There was a
good deal of truth in the remark of the French lady to Boswell that
"Our happiness depends on the circulation of the blood."  The wild
current of affairs sweeps us on whithersoever it will, but in our
separate little eddies we whirl around and find relief in private
distractions and pleasures that seem independent of the great march of
events.  Jane Austen wrote her novels in the midst of the Napoleonic
wars, yet I cannot recall one hint in them of that world-shaking event.
She mentioned a battle in one of her letters, but then only a little
callously.  And a friend of mine told me the other day that he had had
the curiosity to turn up the newspaper files of the time of Austerlitz
and found that the public were apparently all agog, not about the
battle that had changed the current of the world, but about the merits
of the Infant Roscius.  It is well that we have this faculty of
detachment and independent life.  If there were no private relief for
this public tragedy the world would have gone mad.  But perhaps you
will say it has gone mad....


Let me recall by way of _envoi_ that fine story in Montaigne.  When the
town of Nola was destroyed by the barbarians, Paulinus, the bishop, was
stripped of all he possessed and taken prisoner.  And as he was led
away he prayed, "O Lord, make me to bear this loss, for Thou knowest
that they have taken nothing that is mine: the riches that made me rich
and the treasures that made me worthy are still mine in their fullness."




ON WORD-MAGIC

I see that a discussion has arisen in the _Spectator_ on the "Canadian
Boat Song."  It appeared in _Blackwood's_ nearly a century ago, and
ever since its authorship has been the subject of recurrent
controversy.  The author may have been "Christopher North," or his
brother, Tom Wilson, or Gait, or the Ettrick Shepherd, or the Earl of
Eglinton, or none of these.  We shall never know.  It is one of those
pleasant mysteries of the past, like the authorship of the Junius
Letters (if, indeed, that can be called a mystery), which can never be
exhausted because they can never be solved.  I am not going to offer an
opinion; for I have none, and I refer to the subject only to illustrate
the magic of a word.  The poem lives by virtue of the famous stanza:

  From the lone shieling of the misty island
    Mountains divide us, and the waste of seas--
  Yet still the blood is strong, the heart is Highland.
    And we in dreams behold the Hebrides.

It would be an insensible heart that did not feel the surge of this
strong music.  The yearning of the exile for the motherland has never
been uttered with more poignant beauty, though Stevenson came near the
same note of tender anguish in the lines written in far Samoa and
ending:

  Be it granted me to behold you again, in dying.
    Hills of home, and to hear again the call.
  Hear about the graves of the martyrs the peewees crying--
    And hear no more at all.

But for energy and masculine emotion the unknown author takes the palm.
The verse is like a great wave of the sea, rolling in to the mother
shore, gathering impetus and grandeur as it goes, culminating in the
note of vision and scattering itself triumphantly in the splendour of
that word "Hebrides."

It is a beautiful illustration of the magic of a word used in its
perfect setting.  It gathers up the emotion of the theme into one chord
of fulfilment and flings open the casement of the mind to far horizons.
It is not the only instance in which the name has been used with
extraordinary effect.  Wordsworth's "Solitary Reaper" has many
beautiful lines, but the peculiar glory of the poem dwells in the
couplet in which, searching for parallels for the song of the Highland
girl that fills "the vale profound," he hears in imagination the
cuckoo's call

  Breaking the silence of the seas
  Among the farthest Hebrides.


Wordsworth, like Homer and Milton, and all who touch the sublime in
poetry, had the power of transmuting a proper name to a strange and
significant beauty.  The most memorable example, perhaps, is in the
closing lines of the poem to Dorothy Wordsworth:

  But on old age serene and bright,
  And lovely as a Lapland night,
  Shall lead thee to thy grave.

"Lapland" is an intrinsically beautiful word, but it is its setting in
this case that makes it shine, pure and austere, like a star in the
heavens of poetry.  And the miraculous word need not be intrinsically
beautiful.  Darien is not, yet it is that word in which perhaps the
greatest of all sonnets finds its breathless, astonished close:

  Silent--upon a peak--in Dar--ien.


And the truth is that the magic of words is not in the words
themselves, but in the distinction, delicacy, surprise of their use.
Take the great line which Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Antony--

  I am dying, Egypt, dying.

It is the only occasion in the play on which he makes Antony speak of
Cleopatra by her territorial name, and there is no warrant for the
usage in Plutarch.  It is a stroke of sheer word-magic.  It summons up
with a sudden magnificence all the mystery and splendour incarnated in
the woman for whom he has gambled away the world and all the earthly
glories that are fading into the darkness of death.  The whole tragedy
seems to flame to its culmination in this word that suddenly lifts the
action from the human plane to the scale of cosmic drama.

Words of course have an individuality, a perfume of their own, but just
as the flame in the heart of the diamond has to be revealed by the
craftsman, so the true magic of a beautiful word only discloses itself
at the touch of the master.  "Quiet" is an ordinary enough word, and
few are more frequently on our lips.  Yet what wonderful effects
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Keats extract from it!

  It is a beauteous evening, calm and free;
  The holy time is quiet as a nun,
  Breathless with adoration.

The whole passage is a symphony of the sunset, but it is that ordinary
word "quiet" which breathes like a benediction through the cadence,
filling the mind with the sense of an illimitable peace.  And so with
Coleridge's "Singeth a quiet tune," or Keats's

  Full of sweet dreams and health and quiet breathing.

Or when, "half in love with easeful Death," he

  Called him soft names in many a mused rhyme
  To take into the air my quiet breath.


And again:

  Far from the fiery noon and eve's one star
  Sat grey-hair'd Saturn, quiet as stone.


There have been greater poets than Keats, but none who has had a surer
instinct for the precious word than he had.  Byron had none of this
magician touch, Shelley got his effects by the glow and fervour of his
spirit; Swinburne by the sheer torrent of his song, and Browning by the
energy of his thought.  Tennyson was much more of the artificer in
words than these, but he had not the secret of the word-magic of
Shakespeare, Wordsworth, or Keats.  Compare the use of adjectives in
two things like Shelley's "Ode to the Skylark," and Keats's "Ode to the
Nightingale," and the difference is startling.  Both are incomparable,
but in the one case it is the hurry of the song, the flood of rapture
that delights us: in the other each separate line holds us with its
jewelled word.  "_Embalmed_ darkness," "_Verdurous_ glooms," "Now more
than ever seems it _rich_ to die."  "Cooled a long age in the
_deep-delved_ earth." "_Darkling_ I listen."  "She stood in tears amid
the _alien_ corn."  "Oh, for a beaker full of the _warm south_."  "With
beaded bubbles _winking_ at the brim."  "No _hungry_ generations tread
thee down."  And so on.  Such a casket of jewels can be found in no
other poet that has used our tongue.  If Keats's vocabulary had a
defect it was a certain over-ripeness, a languorous beauty that, like
the touch of his hand, spoke of death.  It lacked the fresh, happy,
sunlit spirit of Shakespeare's sovran word.

Word-magic belongs to poetry.  In prose it is an intrusion.  That was
the view of Coleridge.  It was because, among its other qualities,
Southey's writing was so free from the shock of the dazzling word that
Coleridge held it to be the perfect example of pure prose.  The
modulations are so just, the note so unaffected, the current so clear
and untroubled that you read on without pausing once to think "What a
brilliant writer this fellow is."  And that is the true triumph of the
art.  It is an art which addresses itself to the mind, and not the
emotions, and word-magic does not belong to its essential armoury.




ODIN GROWN OLD

I had a strange dream last night.  Like most dreams, it was a sort of
wild comment on the thought that had possessed me in my waking hours.
We had been talking of the darkness of these times, how we walked from
day to day into a future that stalked before us like a wall of
impenetrable night that we could almost touch and yet never could
overtake, how all the prophets (including ourselves) had been found
out, and how all the prophecies of the wise proved to be as worthless
as the guesses of the foolish.  Ah, if we could only get behind this
grim mask of the present and see the future stretching before us ten
years, twenty years, fifty years hence, what would we give?  What a
strange, ironic light would be shed upon this writhing, surging,
blood-stained Europe.  With what a shock we should discover the meaning
of the terror.  But the Moving Finger writes on with inscrutable
secrecy.  We cannot wipe out a syllable that it has written; we cannot
tell a syllable that it will write....

You deserved bad dreams, you will say, if you talked like this....

When I awoke (in my sleep) I seemed like some strange reminiscence of
myself, like an echo that had gone on reverberating down countless
centuries.  It was as if I had lived from the beginning of Time, and
now stood far beyond the confines of Time.  I was alone in the world.
I forded rivers and climbed mountains and traversed endless plains; I
came upon the ruins of vast cities, great embankments that seemed once
to have been railways, fragments of arches that had once sustained
great bridges, dockyards where the skeletons of mighty ships lay
rotting in garments of seaweed and slime.  I seemed, with the magic of
dreams, to see the whole earth stretched out before me like a map.  I
traced the course of the coast lines, saw how strangely altered they
were, and with invisible power passed breathlessly from continent to
continent, from desolation to desolation.  Again and again I cried out
in the agony of an unspeakable loneliness, but my cry only startled a
solitude that was infinite.  Time seemed to have no meaning in this
appalling vacancy.  I did not live hours or days, but centuries, aeons,
eternities.  Only on the mountains and in the deserts did I see
anything that recalled the world I had known in the immeasurable
backward of time.  Standing on the snowy ridge of the Finsteraarjoch I
saw the pink of the dawn still flushing the summits of the Southern
Alps, and in the desert I came upon the Pyramids and the Sphinx.

And it was by the Sphinx that I saw The Man.  He seemed stricken with
unthinkable years.  His gums were toothless, his eyes bleared, his
figure shrunken to a pitiful tenuity.  He sat at the foot of the
Sphinx, fondling a sword, and as he fondled it he mumbled to himself in
an infantile treble.  As I approached he peered at me through his dim
eyes, and to my question as to who he was he replied in a thin, queasy
voice:

"I am Odin--hee! hee!  I possess the earth, the whole earth ... I and
my sword ... we own it all ... we and the Sphinx ... we own it all....
All ... hee! hee!..."  And he turned and began to fondle his sword
again.

"But where are the others?  What happened to them?"

"Gone ... hee! hee! .... All gone....  It took thousands of years to do
it, but they've all gone.  It never would have been done if man hadn't
become civilised.  For centuries and centuries men tried to kill
themselves off with bows and arrows, and spears and catapults, but they
couldn't do it.  Then they invented gunpowder, but that was no better.
The victory really began when man became civilised and discovered
modern science.  He learned to fly in the air and sail under the water,
and move mountains and make lightnings, and turn the iron of the hills
into great ships and the coal beneath the earth into incredible forms
of heat and power.  And all the time he went on saying what a good
world he was making ... hee! hee!  Such a wonderful Machine....  Such a
peaceful Machine ... hee! hee! ... Age of Reason, he said....  Age of
universal peace and brotherhood setting in, he said.... hee! hee! ...
We have been seeking God for thousands of years, he said, and now we
have found Him.  We have made Him ourselves--out of our own heads.  We
got tired of looking for Him in the soul.  Now we have found Him in the
laboratory.  We have made Him out of all the energies of the earth.
Great is our God of the Machine.  Honour, blessing, glory, power--power
of things.  Power!  Power!  Power!"

His voice rose to a senile shriek.

"And all the time ... hee, hee! ... all the time he was making the
Machine for me--me, Odin, me and my servants, the despots, the kings,
the tyrants, the dictators, the enemies of men.  I laughed ... hee,
hee! ... I laughed as I saw his Machine growing vaster and vaster for
the day of his doom, growing beyond his own comprehension, making him
more and more the slave of itself, the fly on its gigantic wheel.  What
a willing servant is this Power we have made, he said.  What a friend
of Man.  How wonderful we are to have created this Machine of
Benevolence...

"And it was mine ... hee, hee! ... Mine.  And when it was completed I
handed it over to my servants.  And the Machine of Benevolence became
the Monster of Destruction.  First one tyrant seized it and fell; then
another and he fell.  This white race got the Machine for a season,
then another white race got it; then the yellow race.  And they all
perished ... hee, hee!  ... They all perished....  And with every
victory the Machine grew more deadly.  All the gifts of the earth and
all the labour of men went to feed its mighty hunger.  It devoured its
creators by thousands, by millions, by nations.  It slew, it poisoned,
it burned, it starved.  The whole earth became a desolation....

"And now I own it all ... hee, hee! ... I and my sword.  We own it
all....  We and the Sphinx."  His voice, which had grown strong with
excitement, sank back to its infantile treble.

"And what was the meaning of it all?" I asked.  "And what will you do
with your victory?"

"The meaning ... the meaning ... I don't know....  I've come to ask the
Sphinx.  I've sat here for years, centuries ... oh, so long.  But she
says nothing--only looks out over the desert with that terrible calm,
as though she knew the riddle but would never tell it....  Look ...
look now....  Aren't her lips..."

His thin voice rose to a tremulous cry.  The sword shook in his palsied
hands.  His rheumy eyes looked up at the image with a senile frenzy.

I looked up, too....  Yes, surely the lips were moving.  They were
about to open.  I should hear at last the reading of the enigma of the
strange beings who made a God that slew them....  The lips were open
now ... there was a rattling in throat....

But as I waited for the words that were struggling into utterance there
came a sudden wind, hot and blinding and thick with the dust of the
desert.  It blotted out the sun and darkened the vision of things.  The
Sphinx vanished in the swirling folds of the storm, the figure of the
Man faded into the general gloom, and I was left alone in the midst of
nothingness....




ON A SMILE IN A SHAVING GLASS

As I looked into the shaving glass in the privacy of the bathroom this
morning, I noticed that there was a very pronounced smile on my face.
I was surprised.  Not that I am a smileless person in ordinary: on the
contrary, I fancy I have an average measure of mirthfulness--a little
patchy perhaps, but enough in quantity if unequal in distribution.  But
I have not been hilarious for a week past.  There is not much to be
hilarious about in these anxious days when the tide of war is sweeping
back over the hills and valleys of the Somme and every hour comes
burdened with dark tidings.  I find the light-hearted person a trial,
and gaiety an offence, like a foolish snigger breaking in on the mad
agony of Lear.

Why, then, this smiling face in the glass?  Only last night, coming up
on the top of the late bus, I was irritated by the good humour of a fat
man who came and sat in front of me.  He looked up at the brilliant
moonlit sky and round at the passengers, and then began humming to
himself as though he was full of good news and cheerfulness.  When he
was tired of humming he began whistling, and his whistling was more
intolerable than his humming, for it was noisier.  Hang the fellow,
thought I, what is he humming and whistling about?  This moon that is
touching the London streets with beauty--what scenes of horror and
carnage it looks down on only a few score miles away!  What nameless
heroisms are being done for us as we sit under the quiet stars in
security and ease!  What mighty issues are in the balance! ... And this
fellow hums and whistles as though he had had no end of a good day.
Perhaps he is a profiteer.  Anyhow, I was relieved when he went down
the stairs, and his vacuous whistling died on the air....  Yet this
face in the glass looked as though it could hum or whistle quite as
readily as that fat man whom I judged so harshly last night.

It was certainly not the sunny morning that was responsible.  The
beauty of these wonderful days would, in ordinary circumstances, charge
my spirits to the brim, but now I wake to them with a feeling of
resentment.  They are like a satire on our tragedy--like marriage
garments robing the skeleton of death.  Moreover, they are a practical
as well as a spiritual grievance.  They are the ally of the enemy.
They have come when he needed them, just as they deserted us last
autumn when we needed them, and when day after day our gallant men
floundered to the attack in Flanders through seas of mud.  No, most
Imperial Sun, I cannot welcome you.  I would you would hide your face
from the tortured earth, and leave the rough elements to deal out even
justice between the disputants in this great argument....  No, this
smile cannot be for you.  And it is not wholly a tribute to the letter
that has just come from that stalwart boy of nineteen, boy of the
honest, open face and the frequent hearty laugh, stopped on the eve of
his first leave and plunged into this hell of death.  Dated Saturday.
All well up to Saturday.  The first two terrible days survived.  Those
who love him can breathe more freely.

But though that was perhaps the foundation, it did not explain the
smile.  Ah, I had got it!  It was that paragraph I had read in the
newspaper recording the Kaiser's message to his wife on the victory of
his armies, and concluding its flamboyant braying with the familiar
blasphemy, "God is with us."  I find that when I am cheerless a message
from the Kaiser always provides a tonic, and that his patronage of the
Almighty gives me confidence.  This crude, humourless vanity cannot be
destined to win the world.  It cannot be that humanity is to suffer so
grotesque a jest as to fall under the heel of this inflated buffoon and
of the system of which he is the symbol.  I know that other warriors
have claimed the Almighty and have justified the claim have won even in
virtue of the claim.  Mohammedanism swept the Christian world before it
to the cry of "Allah-il-Allah," and to Cromwell the presence of the
Lord of Hosts at his side was as real as the presence of Jehovah was to
the warriors of Israel.  Stonewall Jackson was all the more terrible
for the grim, fanatical faith that burned in him from the days of his
conversion in Mexico, and, though Lincoln had no orthodox creed, the
sense of divine purpose was always present to him, and no one used the
name of the Almighty in great moments with more sincere and impressive
beauty.

You have only to turn to Lincoln or Cromwell to feel the vast gulf
between their piety and this vulgar impiety.  And the reason is simple.
They believed in the spiritual governance of human life.  Cromwell may
have been mistaken in his conception of God, but it was a God of the
spirit whom he served and whose unworthy instrument he was in achieving
the spiritual redemption of men.  The material victory was nothing to
him except as a means of accomplishing the emancipation of the soul of
man, of which political liberty was only the elementary expression.
But the Kaiser's conception of God is a denial of everything that is
spiritual and humane.  He talks of his God as if he were a brigand
chief, or an image of blood and iron wrought in his own likeness, a
family deity, a sort of sleeping partner of the firm of Hohenzollern,
to be left snoring when villainy is afoot and nudged into wakefulness
to adorn a triumph.  It is the negation of the God of the spirit.  It
is the God of brute force, of violence and terror, trampling on the
garden of the soul in man.  It is the God of materialism at war with
all that is spiritual.  In a word, this thing that the Kaiser calls God
is not God at all.  It is the Devil.

On this question of the partisanship of the Almighty in regard to our
human quarrels, the best attitude is silence.  Lincoln, with his
unfailing wisdom, set the subject in its right relationship when a lady
asked him for the assurance that God was on their side.  "The important
thing," he said, "is not whether God is on our side, but whether we are
on the side of God."  This attitude will save us from blasphemous
arrogance and from a good deal of perplexity.  For when we claim that
God is our champion and is fighting exclusively for us we get into
difficulties.  We have only finite tests to apply to an infinite
purpose, and by those tests neither the loyalty nor the omnipotence of
the Almighty will be sustained.  And what will you do then?  Will you,
when things go wrong, ask with the poet,

  Is he deaf and blind, our God? ... Is he indeed at all?


The Greeks disposed of the dilemma by having many deities who took the
most intimate share in human quarrels, but adopted opposite sides.
They could do much for their earthly clients, but their efforts were
neutralised by the power of the gods briefed on the other side.  Vulcan
could forge an impenetrable shield for Achilles, and Juno could warn
him, through the mouth of his horse Xanthus, of his approaching doom,
but neither could save him.  This guess at the spiritual world supplied
a crude working explanation of the queer contrariness of things on the
human plane, but it left the gods pale and ineffectual shadows of the
mind.

We have lost this ingenuous explanation of the strange drama of our
life.  We do not know what powers encompass us about, or in what vast
rhythm the tumultuous surges and wild discords of our being are
engulfed.  No voice comes from the void and no portents are in the sky.
The stars are infinitely aloof and the face of nature offers us neither
comfort nor revelation.  But within us we feel the impulse of the human
spirit, seeking the free air, turning to the light of beautiful and
reasonable things as the flower turns to the face of the sun.  And in
that impulse we find the echo to whatever far-off, divine strain we
move.  We cannot doubt its validity.  It is the authentic,
indestructible note of humanity.  We may falter in the measure, stumble
in our steps, get bewildered amidst the complexity of intractable and
unintelligible things.  But the spiritual movement goes on, like the
Pilgrim's Chorus fighting its way through the torrent of the world.  It
may be submerged to-day, to-morrow, for generations; but in the end it
wins--in the end the moral law prevails over the law of the jungle.
The stream of tendency has many turnings, but it makes for
righteousness and saps ceaselessly the foundations of the god of
violence.  It is to that god of harsh, material things that the Kaiser
appeals against the eternal strivings of man towards the divine
prerogative of freedom.  Like the false prophets of old he leaps on his
altar, gashes himself with knives till the blood pours out and cries,
"Oh, Baal, hear us."  And it is because Baal is an idol of wood and
stone in a world subject to the governance of the spirit that, even in
the darkest hour of the war, we need not lose faith.

That, I think, is the meaning of the smile I caught in the shaving
glass this morning.




ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

That was a jolly story which Mr. Arthur Ransome told the other day in
one of his messages from Petrograd.  A stout old lady was walking with
her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great
confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself.  It was
pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for foot-passengers,
but she replied: "I'm going to walk where I like.  We've got liberty
now."  It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled
the foot-passenger to walk down the middle of the road it also entitled
the cab-driver to drive on the pavement, and that the end of such
liberty would be universal chaos.  Everybody would be getting in
everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere.  Individual liberty
would have become social anarchy.

There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like
the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind
ourselves of what the rule of the road means.  It means that in order
that the liberties of all may be preserved the liberties of everybody
must be curtailed.  When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps
into the middle of the road and puts up his hand, he is the symbol not
of tyranny, but of liberty.  You may not think so.  You may, being in a
hurry and seeing your motor-car pulled up by this insolence of office,
feel that your liberty has been outraged.  How dare this fellow
interfere with your free use of the public highway?  Then, if you are a
reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not, incidentally,
interfere with you he would interfere with no one, and the result would
be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never
cross at all.  You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty
in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a
reality.

Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract.  It is an
accommodation of interests.  In matters which do not touch anybody
else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like.  If I choose to
go down the Strand in a dressing-gown, with long hair and bare feet,
who shall say me nay?  You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have
liberty to be indifferent to you.  And if I have a fancy for dyeing my
hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing a tall
hat, a frock-coat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up
early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission.  I shall
not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton.  I may
like mustard with my mutton.  And you will not ask me whether you may
be a Protestant or a Catholic, whether you may marry the dark lady or
the fair lady, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to
Wordsworth, or champagne to shandygaff.

In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves
and ask no one's leave.  We have a whole kingdom in which we rule
alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy,
conventional or odd.  But directly we step out of that kingdom our
personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.
I might like to practise on the trombone from midnight till three in
the morning.  If I went on to the top of Helvellyn to do it I could
please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and
if I do it out in the streets the neighbours will remind me that my
liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to
sleep in quiet.  There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to
accommodate my liberty to their liberties.

We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more
conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our
own.

I got into a railway carriage at a country station the other morning
and settled down for what the schoolboys would call an hour's "swot" at
a Blue-book.  I was not reading it for pleasure.  The truth is that I
never do read Blue-books for pleasure.  I read them as a barrister
reads a brief, for the very humble purpose of turning an honest penny
out of them.  Now, if you are reading a book for pleasure it doesn't
matter what is going on around you.  I think I could enjoy "Tristram
Shandy" or "Treasure Island" in the midst of an earthquake.

But when you are reading a thing as a task you need reasonable quiet,
and that is what I didn't get, for at the next station in came a couple
of men, one of whom talked to his friend for the rest of the journey in
a loud and pompous voice.  He was one of those people who remind one of
that story of Home Tooke who, meeting a person of immense swagger in
the street, stopped him and said, "Excuse me, sir, but are you someone
in particular?"  This gentleman was someone in particular.  As I
wrestled with clauses and sections, his voice rose like a gale, and his
family history, the deeds of his sons in the war, and his criticisms of
the generals and the politicians submerged my poor attempts to hang on
to my job.  I shut up the Blue-book, looked out of the window, and
listened wearily while the voice thundered on with themes like these:
"Now what French ought to have done..."  "The mistake the Germans
made..."  "If only Asquith had..."  You know the sort of stuff.  I had
heard it all before, oh, so often.  It was like a barrel-organ groaning
out some banal song of long ago.

If I had asked him to be good enough to talk in a lower tone I daresay
he would have thought I was a very rude fellow.  It did not occur to
him that anybody could have anything better to do than to listen to
him, and I have no doubt he left the carriage convinced that everybody
in it had, thanks to him, had a very illuminating journey, and would
carry away a pleasing impression of his encyclopaedic range.  He was
obviously a well-intentioned person.  The thing that was wrong with him
was that he had not the social sense.  He was not "a clubbable man."

A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the
foundation of social conduct.  It is commonly alleged against women
that in this respect they are less civilised than men, and I am bound
to confess that in my experience it is the woman--the well-dressed
woman--who thrusts herself in front of you at the ticket office.  The
man would not attempt it, partly because he knows the thing would not
be tolerated from him, but also because he has been better drilled in
the small give-and-take of social relationships.  He has lived more in
the broad current of the world, where you have to learn to accommodate
yourself to the general standard of conduct, and his school life, his
club life, and his games have in this respect given him a training that
women are only now beginning to enjoy.

I believe that the rights of small people and quiet people are as
important to preserve as the rights of small nationalities.  When I
hear the aggressive, bullying horn which some motorists deliberately
use, I confess that I feel something boiling up in me which is very
like what I felt when Germany came trampling like a bully over Belgium.
By what right, my dear sir, do you go along our highways uttering that
hideous curse on all who impede your path?  Cannot you announce your
coming like a gentleman?  Cannot you take your turn?  Are you someone
in particular or are you simply a hot gospeller of the prophet
Nietzsche?  I find myself wondering what sort of a person it is who can
sit behind that hog-like outrage without realising that he is the
spirit of Prussia incarnate, and a very ugly spectacle in a civilised
world.

And there is the more harmless person who has bought a very blatant
gramophone, and on Sunday afternoon sets the thing going, opens the
windows and fills the street with "Keep the Home Fires Burning" or some
similar banality.  What are the right limits of social behaviour in a
matter of this sort?  Let us take the trombone as an illustration
again.  Hazlitt said that a man who wanted to learn that fearsome
instrument was entitled to learn it in his own house, even though he
was a nuisance to his neighbours, but it was his business to make the
nuisance as slight as possible.  He must practise in the attic, and
shut the window.  He had no right to sit in his front room, open the
window, and blow his noise into his neighbours' ears with the maximum
of violence.  And so with the gramophone.  If you like the gramophone
you are entitled to have it, but you are interfering with the liberties
of your neighbours if you don't do what you can to limit the noise to
your own household.  Your neighbours may not like "Keep the Home Fires
Burning."  They may prefer to have their Sunday afternoon undisturbed,
and it is as great an impertinence for you to wilfully trespass on
their peace as it would be to go, unasked, into their gardens and
trample on their flower beds.

There are cases, of course, where the clash of liberties seems to defy
compromise.  My dear old friend X., who lives in a West End square and
who is an amazing mixture of good nature and irascibility, flies into a
passion when he hears a street piano, and rushes out to order it away.
But near by lives a distinguished lady of romantic picaresque tastes,
who dotes on street pianos, and attracts them as wasps are attracted to
a jar of jam.  Whose liberty in this case should surrender to the
other?  For the life of me I cannot say.  It is as reasonable to like
street pianos as to dislike them--and vice versa.  I would give much to
hear Sancho Panza's solution of such a nice riddle.

I suppose the fact is that we can be neither complete anarchists nor
complete Socialists in this complex world--or rather we must be a
judicious mixture of both.  We have both liberties to preserve--our
individual liberty and our social liberty.  We must watch the
bureaucrat on the one side and warn off the anarchist on the other.  I
am neither a Marxist, nor a Tolstoyan, but a compromise.  I shall not
permit any authority to say that my child must go to this school or
that, shall specialise in science or arts, shall play rugger or soccer.
These things are personal.  But if I proceed to say that my child shall
have no education at all, that he shall be brought up as a primeval
savage, or at Mr. Fagin's academy for pickpockets, then Society will
politely but firmly tell me that it has no use for primeval savages and
a very stern objection to pickpockets, and that my child must have a
certain minimum of education whether I like it or not.  I cannot have
the liberty to be a nuisance to my neighbours or make my child a burden
and a danger to the commonwealth.

It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of
the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are
civilised or uncivilised.  The great moments of heroism and sacrifice
are rare.  It is the little habits of commonplace intercourse that make
up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.  I
hope my friend in the railway carriage will reflect on this.  Then he
will not cease, I am sure, to explain to his neighbour where French
went wrong and where the Germans went ditto; but he will do it in a way
that will permit me to read my Blue-book undisturbed.




ON THE INDIFFERENCE OF NATURE

There has never, I suppose, been a time when the moon had such a vogue
as during the past ten days.  For centuries, for thousands of years,
for I know not what uncounted ages, she has been sailing the sky,
"clustered around with all her starry fays."  She has seen this
tragi-comedy of man since the beginning, and I daresay will outlive its
end.  What she thinks of it all we shall never know.  Perhaps she
laughs at it, perhaps she weeps over it, perhaps she does both in
turns, as you and I do.  Perhaps she is only indifferent.  Yes, I
suppose she is indifferent, for she holds up her lamp for the just and
the unjust and lights the assassin's way as readily as the lover's and
the shepherd's.

But in all her timeless journeyings around this flying ball to which we
cling with our feet she has never been a subject of such painful
concern as now.  Love-sick poets have sung of her, and learned men have
studied her countenance and made maps of her hills and her valleys, and
children have been lulled to sleep with legends of the old man in the
moon and the old woman eternally gathering her eternal sticks.  But for
most of us she had no more serious import than a Chinese lantern hung
on a Christmas tree to please the children.

And suddenly she has become the most sensational fact of our lives.
From the King in his palace to the pauper in his workhouse we have all
been talking of the moon, and watching the moon and studying the phases
of the moon.  There are seven millions of Londoners who know more about
the moon to-day than they ever dreamed there was to be known, or than
they ever dreamed that they would want to know.  John Bright once said
that the only virtue of war was that it taught people geography, but
even he did not think of the geography of the moon and of the
firmament.  But in the intense school of these days we are learning
about everything in heaven above and in the earth beneath and in the
waters under the earth.  Count Zeppelin taught us about the stars, and
now Herr von Gotha is giving us a lesson on the moon.  We are not so
grateful as we might be.

But the main lesson we are all learning, I think, is that Nature does
not take sides in our affairs.  We all like to think that she does take
sides--that is, our side--that a special providence watches over us,
and that invisible powers will see us through.  It is a common
weakness.  The preposterous Kaiser exhibits it in its most grotesque
assumption.  He does really believe--or did, for dreadful doubts must
be invading the armour-plated vanity of this jerry-built Caesar--that
God and Nature are his Imperial agents.

And in a less degree most of us, in times of stress, pin our faith to
some special providence.  We are so important to ourselves that we
cannot conceive that we are unimportant to whatever powers there be.
Others may fall, but we have charmed lives.  Our cause must prevail
because, being ours, it is beyond mortal challenge.  A distinguished
General was telling me not long ago of an incident in the second battle
of Ypres.  He stood with another General, since killed, watching the
battle at its most critical phase.  They saw the British line yield,
and the Germans advance, and all seemed over.  My friend put up his
glasses with the gesture of one who knew the worst had come.  His
companion turned to him and said, "God will never allow those ---- to
win."  It was an odd expression of faith, but it represents the
conviction latent in most of us that we can count on invisible allies
who, like the goddess in Homer, will intervene if we are in straits,
and fling a cloud between us and the foe.

This reliance on the supernatural is one of the sources of power in men
of primitive and intense faith.  Cromwell was a practical mystic and
never forgot to keep his powder dry, but he saw the hand of the Lord
visibly at work for his cause on the winds and the tempest, and that
conviction added a fervour to his terrible sword.  In his letter to
Speaker Lenthall on the battle of Dunbar he tells how in marching from
Musselburgh to Haddington the enemy fell upon "the rear-forlorn of our
horse" and "had like to have engaged our rear brigade of horse with
their whole army--_had not the Lord by His Providence put a cloud over
the moon_, hereby giving us opportunity to draw off those horse to the
rest of our army."

In the same way Elizabethan England witnessed God Himself in the
tempest that scattered the Armada, and a hundred years later the people
saw the same Divine sanction in the winds that brought William Prince
of Orange to our shores and drove his pursuers away.  "The weather had
indeed served the Protestant cause so well," says Macaulay, "that some
men of more piety than judgment fully believed the ordinary laws of
nature to have been suspended for the preservation of the liberty and
religion of England.  Exactly a hundred years before, they said, the
Armada, invincible by man, had been scattered by the wrath of God.
Civil freedom and divine truth were again in jeopardy; and again the
obedient elements had fought for the good cause.  The wind had blown
strong from the east while the Prince wished to sail down the Channel,
had turned to the south when he wished to enter Torbay, had sunk to a
calm during the disembarkation, and, as soon as the disembarkation was
completed, had risen to a storm and had met the pursuers in the face."

If we saw such a sequence of winds blowing for our cause, we should, in
spite of Macaulay, allow our piety to have the better of our judgment.
Indeed, there have been those who in the absence of more solid evidence
have accepted the Angels of Mons with as touching and unquestioning a
faith as they accepted the legend of the Army of Russians from
Archangel.  Perhaps it is not "piety" so much as anxiety that accounts
for this credulity.  In its more degraded form it is responsible for
such phenomena as the revival of fortune-telling and the emergence of
the Prophet Bottomley.  In its more reputable expression it springs
from the conviction of the justice of our cause, of the dominion of the
spiritual over the material and of the witness of that dominion in the
operations of Nature.

Then comes this wonderful harvest moon with its clear sky and its still
air to light our enemies to their villainous work and to remind us
that, however virtuous our cause, Nature is not concerned about us.
She is indifferent whether we win or lose.  She is not against us, but
she is not for us.  Sometimes she helps the enemy, and sometimes she
helps us.  She blew a snowstorm in the face of the Germans on the most
critical day of Verdun, and helped to defeat that great adventure.  In
August last she came out on the side of the enemy.  She rained and blew
ceaselessly, and disarranged our plans in Flanders, so that the attack
on which so much depended was driven perilously late into the year.
And even the brilliant moon and the cloudless nights that have been so
disturbing to us in London speak the same language of Nature's
impartiality.  They serve the enemy here, but they are serving us far
more just across the sea, where every bright day and moonlit night
snatched from the mud and rain of the coming winter is of priceless
value to our Army.  That consideration should enable us to bear our
affliction with fortitude as we crowd the "tubes" or listen to the roar
of the guns from under the domestic table.

But we must admit, on the evidence, that Nature does not care twopence
who wins, and is as unconcerned about our affairs as we are about the
affairs of a nest of ants that we tread on without knowing that we have
trodden on it.  She is beyond good and evil.  She has no morals and is
indifferent about justice and what men call right and wrong.  She
blasts the wise and leaves the foolish to flourish.

      Nature, with equal mind
      Sees all her sons at play;
      Sees man control the wind,
      The wind sweep man away;
  Allows the proudly riding and the found'ring barque.

It is a chill, but a chastening thought.  It leaves us with a sense of
loneliness, but it brings with it, also, a sense of power, the power of
the unconquerable human spirit, self-dependent and self-reliant,
reaching out to ideals beyond itself, beyond its highest hope of
attainment, broken on the wheel of intractable things, but still
stumbling forward by its half-lights in search of some Land of Promise
that always skips just beyond the horizon.

Happily the moon is skipping beyond the horizon too.  Frankly, we have
seen enough of her face to last us for a long time.  When she comes out
again let her clothe herself in good fat clouds and bring the winds in
her train.  We do not like to think of her as a mere flunkey of the
Kaiser and the torch-bearer of his assassins.




IF JEREMY CAME BACK

It is the agreeable illusion of the theatre that life is a rounded
tale.  We pay our money at the box, go in, see the story begin,
progress and end, sadly or cheerfully, and come away with the discords
resolved, virtue exalted and villainy abased, and the tangled skein of
things neatly unravelled.  And so home, content.  But on the stage of
life there is none of this satisfying completeness and finish.  We
enter in the midst of a very ancient drama, spend our years in trying
to pick up the threads and purport of the action, and go as
inopportunely as we came.  The curtain does not descend punctually upon
an exhausted plot and an accomplished purpose.  It descends upon a
thrilling but unfinished tale.  You have got, perhaps, into the most
breathless part of the action, seized at last the clue that will
assuredly explain the mystery, when suddenly and irrationally the light
fails, and for you the theatre is dark for ever.  Your emotions have
been stirred, your curiosity awakened, your sympathies aroused in vain.
Even the episode you have been permitted to witness is left with ragged
ends and unfinished judgments.  How did it proceed and how did it end,
and what was the sequel?  Was virtue or villainy triumphant?  Who was
the real hero?  Were your sympathies on the right side or the wrong?
And, more personally, what of those shoots of life you have thrown out
to the challenge of the future?  Did they wilt or flourish, and what
was their fortune?  These are among the thousand questions to which we
should like an answer, and there is nothing unreasonable in thinking
that we may have an answer.

It would be enough to satisfy the curiosity of most of us to have the
privilege which Jeremy Bentham confessed that he would like to enjoy.
That amiable and industrious philosopher, having spent a blameless life
in the development of his comfortable gospel of the "greatest good of
the greatest number," entertained the pleasant fancy of returning to
the scene of his labours once in every hundred years to see humanity
marching triumphantly to the heavenly city of Utilitarianism, along the
straight and smooth turnpike road that he had fashioned for its ease
and direction.  He had the touching confidence of the idealist that
humanity only had to be shown the way out of the wilderness to plunge
into it with joyous shouts, and hurry along it with eager enthusiasm.
And since he had shown the way all would henceforth be well.  It is
this confidence which makes the idealist an object of pity to the
cynic.  For the cynic is often only the idealist turned sour.  He is
the idealist disillusioned by loss of faith, not in his ideals, but in
humanity.

This is about the time when Jeremy might be expected back on his first
centennial visit to see how we have got along the road to human
perfectibility.  I can imagine him, poised in the unapparent, looking
with round-eyed astonishment upon the answer which a century of time
has given to his anticipations.  This, the New Jerusalem of his
confident vision?  This shambles the harvest of a hundred years of
progress?  And the cynic beside him, tapping his ghostly snuff-box,
observes dryly, "They don't seem to have got very far on the way,
friend Jeremy; not very far on the way."  I can conceive the
philosopher returning sadly to the Elysian fields, wondering whether,
after all, these visits are worth while.  If this is the achievement of
a hundred years' enjoyment of the philosophy of Utilitarianism, what
unthinkable revelation may await him on his next visit!  Perhaps ...
yes, perhaps, it will be better to stay away.

But all the answers of time will not be so disquieting.  It is
probable, for example, that Benjamin Franklin will enjoy his visit
immensely.  He will find much to delight his curious and adventurous
mind.  I see him watching the flying machines as joyously as a child
and as fondly as a parent.  For among his multitudinous activities he
experimented with balloons and suffered the gibes of the foolish.  Why,
asked his critic, did he waste his time over these childish things?
What, in the name of heaven, was the use of balloons?  And Benjamin
made the immortal reply, "What is the use of a new-born baby?"  If he
is among the presences who watch the events of to-day he will be almost
as astonished as his critics to see the dimensions his "new-born baby"
has grown to.  He will be astonished at other things.  He will recall
the day when, in his fine flowered-silk garment, he entered, as the
delegate of the insurgent farmers of New England, the reception of the
great--was it not in Downing Street?--and was spat upon by the noble
lords, to whose dim vision the future of the new-born baby across the
Atlantic was undecipherable.  He will recall how he put his outraged
garment away, never to wear it again until he had signed the
Declaration of Independence.  And now, what miracle is this?  England
and America reconciled at last.  England, no less than France,
straining her eyes across the Atlantic for the relief that is hastening
to her help in the extremest peril of her history from the giant by
whose unquiet cradle he played his part a century and a half ago....
Well, no one will rejoice more at the reconciliation or watch the tide
of relief streaming across the ocean with more goodwill than Benjamin,
who deplored the breach with England as much as anybody.  But the noble
lords who spat on him!...

And I can see Napoleon, with his unpleasant familiarity, pinching the
spiritual ears of the French scientists of his day and saying, "How
now, gentlemen?  What do you say to the steamboat now?"  Poor wretches,
how humiliated they will be.  For when Napoleon asked the Academie des
Sciences to report as to the possibilities of the newly-invented
steamboat, their verdict was, "Idee folle, erreur grossiere,
absurdite."  They saw in it only a foolish toy, and not a new-born baby
destined to be the giant who is performing such prodigies on the seas
of the world to-day.

But it is not the scientists who will need to hang their heads before
the revelations that await them.  They will look on with the
complacency of those who see the mighty harvest of their sowing.
Perhaps among the presences who surround them they may descry a bulky
man, with rolling gait, whom they knew in their day on earth as the
intellectual autocrat of his generation and who levelled the shafts of
his wit at their foolish experiments.  They will have lost the very
human frailty of retaliation if they do not remind him of some of those
shafts that, to the admiring circle which sat at his feet, seemed so
well-directed and piercing.  Perhaps they will read this to him:


Some turn the wheel of electricity, some suspend rings to a loadstone
and find that what they did yesterday they can do again to-day.  Some
register the changes of the wind, and die fully convinced that the wind
is changeable.  There are men yet more profound, who have heard that
two colourless liquors may produce a colour by union, and that two cold
bodies will grow hot if they are mingled; they mingle them, and produce
the effect expected, say it is strange, and mingle them again.


Admirable old boy!  What wit you had!  We can still enjoy it even
though time has turned it to foolishness and planted its barb in your
own breast.  All your roaring, sir, will not take the barb out.  All
your genius for argument will not prevail against the witness you see
of the mighty fruits of those little experiments that filled your
Olympian mind with scorn.  But you will have your compensations.  Even
you will be astonished at the place you fill in our thoughts so long
after your queer figure and brown wig were last seen in Fleet Street.
You will find that the very age in which you lived is remembered as the
Age of Johnson, and that the thunders of your voice, transmitted by the
faithful Bozzy, are among the immortal reverberations from the past.
Yes, sir, in spite of the scientists, you will go back very well
content with your visit.

And it may be that the victory of the scientists will assuage the
disappointment of Jeremy himself.  It is possible that when, back once
more in whatever region of heaven is reserved for philosophers, he
begins to reflect on all he has seen, Jeremy will recover his spirits.
This moral catastrophe of man, he will say, must be seen in relation to
his astonishing intellectual victory.  I forgot that stage in the
journey to the heavenly city of Utilitarianism.  This century that has
passed has witnessed that stage.  It has been a period of inconceivable
triumph over matter.  Man has discovered all the wonders of the earth
and is dazzled and drunk with the conquest of things.  His moral and
social sense has not been able to keep pace with this breathless
material development.  He has lost his spiritual bearings in the midst
of the gigantic machine that his genius has fashioned.  He has become
the slave of his own creation, the victim of the monster of his
invention, and this calamity into which he has fallen is his blind
effort to readjust his life to the new scheme of things that the
machine has imposed on him.  The great parturition is upon him and he
is shedding gouts of blood in his agony.  But he will emerge from his
pains.  The material century is accomplished; the conquest of the
machine is at hand, and with that conquest the moral sense of man will
revive with a grandeur undreamed of in the past.  The march is longer
than I thought, but it will gain impetus and majesty from this immense
overthrow.  The road I built was only premature.  Man was not ready to
take it.  But it is still there--a little grass-grown and neglected,
but still beckoning him on to the earthly paradise.  When he rises from
his wrestle in the dark, his sight will clear and he will surely take
it....  Yes, I think I shall go back after all....

Unteachable old optimist, murmurs the cynic at his side.




ON SLEEP AND THOUGHT

In the middle of last night I found myself suddenly and quite acutely
awake.  It is an unusual experience for me.  I knew the disturbance had
not come from without myself, but from within--from some low but
persistent knocking at the remote door of consciousness.  Who was the
knocker?  I ran over the possible visitors before opening the door just
as one sometimes puzzles over the writing of an address before opening
a letter.  Ah, yes, the disquieting discovery I had made
yesterday--that was the intruder.  And, saying this, I opened the door
and let the fellow in, to sit upon my pillow and lord it over me in the
darkness.  I had succeeded in suppressing him before I went to
bed--burying him beneath talk about this and that, some variations of
Rameau, a few of those Hungarian songs from Korbay's collection, so
incomparable in their fierce energy and passion, and so on; the mound
nicely rounded off with Duruy's "History of France," and the headstone
of sleep duly erected.  Now, I thought, I shall hear nothing more of
him until I face him squarely to-morrow.  And here, up from the depths
he had come and taken his seat upon the headstone itself.

It is with sleep as with affairs.  One cracked bell will shatter a
whole ring; one scheming, predatory power will set the whole world in
flames.  And one disorderly imp of the mind will upset the whole comity
of sleep.  He will neither slumber forgetfully nor play with the others
in dreams, turning the realities and solemnities of the day into a wild
travesty of fun or agony, in which everything that is incredible seems
as natural as sneezing, and you stand on your head on the cross of St.
Paul's or walk up the Strand carrying your head under your arm without
any sense of surprise or impropriety.  Nor is he one of those obliging
subjects of the mind who obey their orders like a sensible house-dog,
sleeping with one eye open and ready to bark, as it were, if anything
goes wrong.  You know that sort of decent fellow.  You say to him
overnight, "Now, remember, I have that train to catch in the morning,
and I must be awake without fail at seven."  Or it may be six, or four.
And whatever the hour you name, sure enough the good dog barks in time.
If he has a failing, it is barking too soon and leaving you to discuss
the nice question whether you dare go to sleep again or whether you had
better remain awake.  In the midst of which you probably go to sleep
again and miss your train.

This control of the kingdom of sleep by the apparently dormant
consciousness can be carried far.  A friend of mine tells me that he
has even learned to put his dreams under the check of conscious or
sub-conscious thought.  He had one persistent dream which took the form
of missing the train.  Sometimes his wife was on board, and he rushed
on to the platform just in time to see the train in motion and her head
out of the window with agony written on her face.  Sometimes he was in
the train and his wife just missed it.  Sometimes they were both
inside, but saw their luggage being brought up too late.  Sometimes the
luggage got in and they didn't.  Always something went wrong.  He
determined to have that dream regularised.  And so before going to bed
he thought hard of catching the train.  He saturated himself with the
idea of catching the train.  And the thing worked like a charm.  He
never misses a train now, nor his wife, nor his luggage.  They all
steam away on their dream journeys together without a hitch.  So he
tells me, and I believe him, for he is a truthful man.

You and I, and I suppose everybody, have had evidences of this
sub-conscious operation in sleep.  That it is common enough is shown by
the familiar saying, "I will sleep on it."  I have gone to bed more
than once with problems that have seemed insoluble, have fallen to
sleep, and have wakened in the morning with the course so clear that I
have wondered how I could have been in doubt.  And Sir Edward Clarke in
his reminiscences of the Bar tells how, after a night over his briefs
he would go to bed with his way through the tangle obscure and
perplexing, and would wake from sleep with the path plain as a
pikestaff.  The phenomenon is doubtless due in some measure to rest.
The mind clears in sleeping as muddy waters clear in standing.  But
this is not the whole explanation.  Some process has taken place in the
interval far down in the hinterlands of thought.  You may observe this
even in your waking hours.  Lord Leverhulme, who I suppose has one of
the biggest letter-bags in the country, once told me that his habit in
dealing with his correspondence is to answer at once those letters he
can reply to off-hand, and to put aside those that need consideration.
When he turns to the latter he finds the answers have fashioned
themselves without any conscious act of thought.  This experience is
not uncommon, and as it occurs when the mind is at the maximum of
activity it disposes of the idea that rest is the complete explanation.

More goes on in us than we know.  At this moment I am conscious of at
least six strata of thought.  I am attending to this writing, the
shaping of the letters, the spelling of the words; I am thinking what I
shall write; I am sensible that a thrush is singing outside, and that
the sun is shining; this pervades my mind with the glow of the thought
that in a few days I shall be in the beechwoods; through this happy
glow the ugly imp who sat on my pillow last night forces himself on my
attention; down below there is the boom of the great misery of the
world that goes on ceaselessly like the deep strum of the double bass
in the orchestra.  And out of sight and consciousness there are, I
suspect, deeper and more obscure functions shaping all sorts of things
in the unfathomed caves of the mind.  The results will come to the
surface in due course, and I shall wonder where they came from.  It is
a mistake to suppose that we can only think of one thing at a time.
The mind can keep as many balls circulating as Cinquevalli.  It can
keep some of them circulating even without knowing that they exist.

But these profound functions of the mind that know no sleep, and yet do
not disturb our sleep, are not to be confused with that imp of the
pillow.  He is a brawler of the day.  He brings the noisy world of fact
into the cloistered calm or the playground of sleep.  He is known to
all of us, but most of all to the criminal who has still got a
conscience.  Macbeth knew him--"Macbeth hath murdered sleep, the
innocent sleep."  Eugene Aram knew him:

  And a mighty wind had swept the leaves
    And still the corpse was bare.


I know him ... And that reminds me.  It is time I went and had it out
with my imp of the pillow in the daylight.




ON MOWING

I have hung the scythe up in the barn and now I am going to sing its
praises.  And if you doubt my competence to sing on so noble a theme,
come with me into the orchard, smell the new-mown hay, mark the swathes
where they lie and note the workmanship.  Yes, I admit that over there
by the damson trees and down by the fence there is a sort of unkempt,
dishevelled appearance about the grass as though it had been stabbed
and tortured by some insane animal armed with an axe.  It is true.  It
has been stabbed and tortured by an insane animal.  It was there that I
began.  It was there that I hacked and hewed, perspired and suffered.
It was there that I said things of which in my calmer moments I should
disapprove.  It was there that I served my apprenticeship to the
scythe.  But let your eye scan gently that stricken pasture and pause
here where the orchard slopes to the paddock.  I do not care who looks
at this bit.  I am prepared to stand or fall by it.  It speaks for
itself.  The signature of the master hand is here.  It is my signature.

And having written that signature I feel like the wounded soldier
spoken of by the "Wayfarer" in the _Nation_.  He was returning to
England, and as he looked from the train upon the cheerful Kentish
landscape and saw the hay-makers in the fields he said, "I feel as
though I should like to cut grass all the rest of my life."  I do not
know whether it was the craftsman in him that spoke.  Perhaps it was
only the beautiful sanity and peace of the scene, contrasted with the
squalid nightmare he had left behind, that wrung the words from him.
But they were words that anyone who has used a scythe would echo.  I
echo them.  I feel that I could look forward joyfully to an eternity of
sunny days and illimitable fields of waving grass and just go on mowing
and mowing and mowing for ever.  I am chilled by the thought that you
can only play the barber to nature once, or at most twice a year.  I
look back over the summers of the past, and lament my wasted
opportunities.  What meadows I might have mown had I only known the joy
of it!

For mowing is the most delightful disguise that work can wear.  When
once you have got the trick of it, it goes with a rhythm that is
intoxicating.  The scythe, which looked so ungainly and unmanageable a
tool, gradually changes its character.  It becomes an instrument of
infinite flexibility and delicacy.  The lines that seemed so uncouth
and clownish are discovered to be the refinement of time.  What
centuries of accumulated experience under the suns of what diverse
lands have gone to the perfecting of this most ancient tool of the
fields, shaping the blade so cunningly, adjusting it to the handle at
so artful an angle, disposing the nebs with such true relationship to
the action of the body, so that, skilfully used, the instrument loses
the sense of weight and seems to carry you forward by its own smooth,
almost instinctive motion.  It is like an extension of yourself, with a
touch as fine as the brush of a butterfly's wing and a stroke as bold
and resistless as the sweep of a cataract.  It is no longer a clumsy,
blundering, dead thing, but as obedient as your hand and as conscious
as your touch.  You seem to have developed a new member, far-reaching,
with the edge of a scimitar, that will flick off a daisy or fell a
forest of stalwart grasses.

And as the intimacy grows you note how the action simplifies itself.
The violent stabbings and discords are resolved into a harmony as
serene as a pastoral symphony.  You feel the rhythm taking shape, and
as it develops the body becomes captive to its own task.  You are no
longer manipulating a tool.  You and the tool have become magically
one, fused in a common intelligence, so that you hardly know whether
you swing the scythe or the scythe bears you forward on its own strong,
swimming stroke.  The mind, released, stands aloof in a sort of
delighted calm, rejoicing in a spectacle in which it has ceased to have
a conscious part, noting the bold swing of the body backwards for the
stroke (the blade lightly skimming the ground, as the oar gently
flatters the water in its return), the delicate play of the wrist as
the scythe comes into action, the "swish" that tells that the stroke is
true and clean, the thrust from the waist upwards that carries it
clear, the dip of the blade that leaves the swathe behind, the
moderate, timely, exact movement of the feet preparatory to the next
stroke, the low, musical hum of the vibrating steel.  A frog hops out
in alarm at the sudden invasion of his secrecy among the deep grasses.
You hope he won't get in the way of that terrible finger, but you are
drunk with the rhythm of the scythe and are swept along on its
imperious current.  You are no longer a man, but a motion.  The frog
must take his chance.  Swish--swish--swish----

Not that the rhythm is unrelieved.  It has its "accidentals."  You
repeat a stroke that has not pleased you, with a curious sense of
pleasure at the interrupted movement which has yet not changed the
theme; you nip off a tuft here or there as the singer throws in a stray
flourish to garland the measure; you trim round the trees with the
pleasant feeling that you can make this big thing do a little thing so
deftly; you pause to whet the blade with the hone.  But all the time
the song of the scythe goes on.  It fills your mind and courses through
your blood.  Your pulse beats to the rhythmic swish--swish--swish, and
to that measure you pass into a waking sleep in which the hum of bees
and the song of lark and cuckoo seem to belong to a dream world through
which you are floating, bound to a magic oar.

The sun climbs the heavens above the eastward hills, goes regally
overhead, and slopes to his setting beyond the plain.  You mark the
shadows shorten and lengthen as they steal round the trees.  A thrush
sings ceaselessly through the morning from a beech tree on the other
side of the lane, falls silent during the heat of the afternoon and
begins again as the shadows lengthen and a cool wind comes out of the
west.  Overhead the swifts are hawking in the high air for their
evening meal.  Presently they descend and chase each other over the
orchard with the curious sound of an indrawn whistle that belongs to
the symphony of late summer evenings.  You are pleasantly conscious of
these pleasant things as you swing to the measured beat of the scythe,
and your thoughts play lightly with kindred fancies, snatches of old
song, legends of long ago, Ruth in the fields of Boaz, and Horace on
his Sabine farm, the sonorous imagery of Israel linking up the waving
grasses with the life of man and the scythe with the reaper of a more
august harvest....  The plain darkens, and the last sounds of day fall
on the ear, the distant bark of a dog, the lowing of cattle in the
valley, the intimate gurglings of the thrush settling for the night in
the nest, the drone of a winged beetle blundering through the dusk, one
final note of the white-throat....  There is still light for this last
slope to the paddock.  Swish--swish--swish....




The Temple Press, Letchworth

ENGLAND











End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Leaves in the Wind, by A. G. Gardiner

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEAVES IN THE WIND ***

***** This file should be named 37858.txt or 37858.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/8/5/37858/

Produced by Al Haines

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.net/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.net

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.