# Creating new `MsBackend` classes

#### 25 November 2025

Package: Spectra
Authors: RforMassSpectrometry Package Maintainer [cre], Laurent Gatto [aut] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-2268), Johannes Rainer [aut] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6977-7147), Sebastian Gibb [aut] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7406-4443), Philippine Louail [aut] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5429-6846), Jan Stanstrup [ctb] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0541-7369), Nir Shahaf [ctb], Mar Garcia-Aloy [ctb] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1330-6610), Guillaume Deflandre [ctb] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1257-2416), Ahlam Mentag [ctb] (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5438-7067)
Last modified: 2025-10-21 16:24:25
Compiled: Tue Nov 25 17:47:36 2025

# 1 Introduction

This vignette briefly describes the `MsBackend` class which is used by the `Spectra` package to represent and provide Mass Spectrometry (MS) data and illustrates how a new such backend class can be created and tested for validity.

Contributions to this vignette (content or correction of typos) or requests for additional details and information are highly welcome (ideally via pull requests or github issues).

# 2 What is a `MsBackend`?

The `Spectra` package separates the code for the analysis of MS data from the code needed to import, represent and provide the data. The former is implemented for the `Spectra` class which is the main object users will use for their analyses. The `Spectra` object relies on a so-called backend to provide the MS data. The `MsBackend` virtual class defines the API that new backend classes need to implement in order to be used with the `Spectra` object. Each `Spectra` object contains an implementation of such a `MsBackend` within its `@backend` slot which provides the MS data to the `Spectra` object. All data management is thus hidden from the user. In addition this separation allows to define new, alternative, data representations and integrate them seamlessly into a `Spectra`-based data analysis workflow.

This concept is an extension of the of in-memory and on-disk data representations from the MSnbase package (Gatto, Gibb, and Rainer 2020).

## 2.1 Conventions and definitions

General conventions for MS data of a `Spectra` are:

- One `Spectra` object is supposed to contain MS (spectral) data of multiple MS spectra.
- m/z values within each spectrum are expected to be sorted increasingly.
- Missing values (`NA`) for m/z values are not supported.
- Properties of a spectrum are called spectra variables. While backends can define their own properties, a minimum required set of spectra variables must be provided by each backend (even if their values are empty). These core spectra variables are listed (along with their expected data type) by the `coreSpectraVariables()` function.
- `dataStorage` and `dataOrigin` are two special spectra variables that define for each spectrum where the data is stored and from where the data derived (or was loaded, such as the data origin). Both are expected to be of type`character` and need to be defined by the backend (i.e., they can not be empty or missing).
- `MsBackend` implementations can also represent purely read-only data resources. In this case only data accessor methods need to be implemented but not data replacement methods. Whether a backend is read-only can be set with the `@readonly` slot of the virtual `MsBackend` class (the `isReadOnly()` function can be used to retrieve the value for this slot). The default is `@readonly = FALSE` and thus all data replacement method listed in section Data replacement methods have to be implemented. For read-only backends (`@readonly = TRUE`) only the methods in section Required methods need to be implemented. Backends can also be partially read-only, such as the `MsBackendMzR`. This backend allows for example to change spectra variables, but not the peaks data (i.e. the m/z and intensity values). Also, backends for purely read-only resources could extend the `MsBackendCached` from the Spectra package to enable support for modifying (or adding) spectra variables. Any changes to spectra variables will be internally cached by the `MsBackendCached` without the need of them being propagating to the underlying data resource (see for example the `MsBackendMassbankSql` from the MsBackendMassbank package).

## 2.2 Notes on parallel processing

For parallel processing, `Spectra` splits the backend based on a defined `factor` and processes each in parallel (or in serial if a `SerialParam` is used). The splitting `factor` can be defined for `Spectra` by setting the parameter `processingChunkSize`. Alternatively, through the `backendParallelFactor()` function the backend can also suggest a `factor` that should/could be used for splitting and parallel processing. The default implementation for `backendParallelFactor()` is to return an empty `factor` (`factor()`) hence not suggesting any preferred splitting. `backendParallelFactor()` for `MsBackendMzR` on the other hand returns a `factor` based on the data files the data is stored in (i.e. based on the `dataStorage` of the MS data).

Besides parallel processing, this chunk-wise processing can also reduce the memory demand for operations, because only the peak data of the current chunk needs to be realized in memory.

# 3 API

The `MsBackend` class defines core methods that have to be implemented by a MS backend as well as optional methods with default implementations that might be implemented for a new backend but don’t necessarily have to. These functions are described in sections Required methods and Optional methods, respectively.

To create a new backend a class extending the virtual `MsBackend` needs to be implemented. In the example below we create thus a simple class with a `data.frame` to contain general spectral properties (spectra variables) and two slots for m/z and intensity values. These are stored as `NumericList` objects since both m/z and intensity values are expected to be of type `numeric` and to allow to store data from multiple spectra into a single backend object. We also define a simple constructor function that returns an empty instance of our new class.

    library(Spectra)
    library(IRanges)

    setClass("MsBackendTest",
             contains = "MsBackend",
             slots = c(
                 spectraVars = "data.frame",
                 mz = "NumericList",
                 intensity = "NumericList"
             ),
             prototype = prototype(
                 spectraVars = data.frame(),
                 mz = NumericList(compress = FALSE),
                 intensity = NumericList(compress = FALSE)
             ))

    MsBackendTest <- function() {
        new("MsBackendTest")
    }

The 3 slots `spectraVars`, `mz` and `intensity` will be used to store our MS data, each row in `spectraVars` being data for one spectrum with the columns being the different spectra variables (i.e. additional properties of a spectrum such as its retention time or MS level) and each element in `mz` and `intensity` being a `numeric` with the m/z and intensity values of the respective spectrum.

We should ideally also add some basic validity function that ensures the data to be OK. The function below simply checks that the number of rows of the `spectraVars` slot matches the length of the `mz` and `intensity` slot.

    setValidity("MsBackendTest", function(object) {
        if (length(object@mz) != length(object@intensity) ||
            length(object@mz) != nrow(object@spectraVars))
            return("length of 'mz' and 'intensity' has to match the number of ",
                   "rows of 'spectraVars'")
        NULL
    })

    ## Class "MsBackendTest" [in ".GlobalEnv"]
    ##
    ## Slots:
    ##
    ## Name:  spectraVars          mz   intensity    readonly     version
    ## Class:  data.frame NumericList NumericList     logical   character
    ##
    ## Extends: "MsBackend"

We can now create an instance of our new class with the `MsBackendTest()` function.

    MsBackendTest()

    ## An object of class "MsBackendTest"
    ## Slot "spectraVars":
    ## data frame with 0 columns and 0 rows
    ##
    ## Slot "mz":
    ## NumericList of length 0
    ##
    ## Slot "intensity":
    ## NumericList of length 0
    ##
    ## Slot "readonly":
    ## [1] FALSE
    ##
    ## Slot "version":
    ## [1] "0.1"

Note that a backend class does not necessarily need to contain all the data like the one from our example. Backends such as the `MsBackendMzR` for example retrieve the data on the fly from the raw MS data files or the `MsBackendSql` from the MsBackendSql a SQL database.

## 3.1 Required methods

Methods listed in this section must be implemented for a new class extending `MsBackend`. Methods should ideally also implemented in the order they are listed here. Also, it is strongly advised to write dedicated unit tests for each newly implemented method or function already during the development.

### 3.1.1 `spectraData()`

The `spectraData()` method should return the full spectra data within a backend as a `DataFrame` object (defined in the S4Vectors package). The second parameter `columns` allows to define the names of the spectra variables that should be returned in the `DataFrame`. Each row in this data frame should represent one spectrum, each column a spectra variable. Columns `"mz"` and `"intensity"` (if requested) have to contain each a `NumericList` with the m/z and intensity values of the spectra. The `DataFrame` must provide values (even if they are `NA`) for all requested spectra variables of the backend (including the core spectra variables).

In our toy backend class we keep the spectra variable data in a simple `data.frame` without any constraints such as required columns etc. To ensure that `spectraData()` always returns all required core spectra variables (of the correct data type) we can use however the `fillCoreSpectraVariables()` function. This function adds eventually missing core spectra variables to a `data.frame` thus we use it in our implementation of the `spectraData()` method below:

    setMethod(
        "spectraData", "MsBackendTest",
        function(object, columns = spectraVariables(object)) {
            if (!all(columns %in% spectraVariables(object)))
                stop("Some of the requested spectra variables are not available")
            res <- fillCoreSpectraVariables(
                object@spectraVars,
                columns = columns[!columns %in% c("mz", "intensity")])
            ## Add m/z and intensity values to the result
            res$mz <- object@mz
            res$intensity <- object@intensity
            as(res[, columns, drop = FALSE], "DataFrame")
    })

As an alternative, we could also initialize the `@spectraVars` data frame within the `backendInitialize()` method adding columns for spectra variables that are not provided by the user and require that this data frame always contains all core spectra variables. Extracting spectra data (single spectra variables or the full data) might thus be more efficient then the on-the-fly initialization with eventual missing spectra variables, but the backend class would also have a larger memory footprint because even spectra variables with only missing values for all spectra need to be stored within the object.

### 3.1.2 `spectraVariables()`

The `spectraVariables()` method should return a `character` vector with the names of all available spectra variables of the backend. While a backend class should support defining and providing their own spectra variables, each `MsBackend` class must provide also the core spectra variables (in the correct data type). Since not all data file formats provide values for all these spectra variables they can however also be `NA` (with the exception of the spectra variable `"dataStorage"`).

The `coreSpectraVariables()` function returns the full list of mandatory spectra variables along with their expected data type.

    coreSpectraVariables()

    ##                 msLevel                   rtime          acquisitionNum
    ##               "integer"               "numeric"               "integer"
    ##               scanIndex                      mz               intensity
    ##               "integer"           "NumericList"           "NumericList"
    ##             dataStorage              dataOrigin              centroided
    ##             "character"             "character"               "logical"
    ##                smoothed                polarity             precScanNum
    ##               "logical"               "integer"               "integer"
    ##             precursorMz      precursorIntensity         precursorCharge
    ##               "numeric"               "numeric"               "integer"
    ##         collisionEnergy  isolationWindowLowerMz isolationWindowTargetMz
    ##               "numeric"               "numeric"               "numeric"
    ##  isolationWindowUpperMz
    ##               "numeric"

A typical `spectraVariables()` method for a `MsBackend` class will thus be implemented similarly to the one for our `MsBackendTest` test backend: it will return the union of the core spectra variables and the names for all available spectra variables within the backend object.

    setMethod("spectraVariables", "MsBackendTest", function(object) {
        union(names(coreSpectraVariables()), colnames(object@spectraVars))
    })

Note that we avoided calling `spectraData()` in the definition of the `spectraVariables()` method, because in our implementation of the `spectraData()` method above we were already using `spectraVariables()` to get the available spectra variables. Calling `spectraData()` also in the implementation of the `spectraVariables()` method for `MsBackendTest` would have resulted in a cyclic function call.

### 3.1.3 `backendInitialize()`

The `backendInitialize()` method is expected to be called after creating an instance of the backend class and should prepare (initialize) the backend which in most cases means that MS data is loaded. This method can take any parameters needed by the backend to get loaded/initialized with data (which can be file names from which to load the data, a database connection or object(s) containing the data). During `backendInitialize()` usually also the special spectra variables `dataStorage` and `dataOrigin` are set.

Below we define a `backendInitialize()` method that takes as arguments a `data.frame` with spectra variables and two `list`s with the m/z and intensity values for each spectrum.

    setMethod(
        "backendInitialize", "MsBackendTest",
        function(object, svars, mz, intensity) {
            if (!is.data.frame(svars))
                stop("'svars' needs to be a 'data.frame' with spectra variables")
            if (is.null(svars$dataStorage))
                svars$dataStorage <- "<memory>"
            if (is.null(svars$dataOrigin))
                svars$dataOrigin <- "<user provided>"
            object@spectraVars <- svars
            object@mz <- NumericList(mz, compress = FALSE)
            object@intensity <- NumericList(intensity, compress = FALSE)
            validObject(object)
            object
        })

In addition to adding the data to object, the function also defined the `dataStorage` and `dataOrigin` spectra variables. The purpose of these two variables is to provide some information on where the data is stored (in memory as in our example) and from where the data is originating. The `dataOrigin` would for example allow to specify from which original data files individual spectra derive.

We can now create an instance of our backend class and fill it with data. We thus first define our MS data and pass this to the `backendInitialize()` method.

    ## A data.frame with spectra variables.
    svars <- data.frame(msLevel = c(1L, 2L, 2L),
                        rtime = c(1.2, 1.3, 1.4))
    ## m/z values for each spectrum.
    mzs <- list(c(12.3, 13.5, 16.5, 17.5),
                c(45.1, 45.2),
                c(64.4, 123.1, 124.1))
    ## intensity values for each spectrum.
    ints <- list(c(123.3, 153.6, 2354.3, 243.4),
                 c(100, 80.1),
                 c(12.3, 35.2, 100))

    ## Create and initialize the backend
    be <- backendInitialize(MsBackendTest(),
                            svars = svars, mz = mzs, intensity = ints)
    be

    ## An object of class "MsBackendTest"
    ## Slot "spectraVars":
    ##   msLevel rtime dataStorage      dataOrigin
    ## 1       1   1.2    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 2       2   1.3    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 3       2   1.4    <memory> <user provided>
    ##
    ## Slot "mz":
    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 12.3 13.5 16.5 17.5
    ## [[2]] 45.1 45.2
    ## [[3]] 64.4 123.1 124.1
    ##
    ## Slot "intensity":
    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 123.3 153.6 2354.3 243.4
    ## [[2]] 100 80.1
    ## [[3]] 12.3 35.2 100
    ##
    ## Slot "readonly":
    ## [1] FALSE
    ##
    ## Slot "version":
    ## [1] "0.1"

While this method works and is compliant with the `MsBackend` API (because there is no requirement on the input parameters for the `backendInitialize()` method), it would be good practice for backends that are supposed to support replacing data, to add an optional additional parameter `data` that would allow passing the complete MS data (including m/z and intensity values) to the function as a `DataFrame`. This would simplify the implementation of some replacement methods and would in addition also allow to change the backend of a `Spectra` using the `setBackend()` to our new backend. We thus re-implement the `backendInitialize()` method supporting also to initialize the backend with such a data frame and we also implement a helper function that checks spectra variables for the correct data type.

    #' Helper function to check if core spectra variables have the correct
    #' data type.
    #'
    #' @param x `data.frame` with the data for spectra variables.
    #'
    #' @param name `character` defining the column names (spectra variables) of `x`
    #'     for which the correct data type should be evaluated.
    .sv_valid_data_type <- function(x, name = colnames(x)) {
        sv <- coreSpectraVariables()[names(coreSpectraVariables()) %in% name]
        for (i in seq_along(sv)) {
            if (!is(x[, names(sv[i])], sv[i]))
                stop("Spectra variabe \"", names(sv[i]), "\" is not of type ",
                     sv[i], call. = FALSE)
        }
        TRUE
    }

This function is then used to check the input data in our new `backendInitialize()` method.

    setMethod(
        "backendInitialize", "MsBackendTest",
        function(object, svars, mz, intensity, data) {
            if (!missing(data)) {
                svars <- as.data.frame(
                    data[, !colnames(data) %in% c("mz", "intensity")])
                if (any(colnames(data) == "mz"))
                    mz <- data$mz
                if (any(colnames(data) == "intensity"))
                    intensity <- data$intensity
            }
            if (!is.data.frame(svars))
                stop("'svars' needs to be a 'data.frame' with spectra variables")
            if (is.null(svars$dataStorage))
                svars$dataStorage <- "<memory>"
            if (is.null(svars$dataOrigin))
                svars$dataOrigin <- "<user provided>"
            .sv_valid_data_type(svars)
            object@spectraVars <- svars
            object@mz <- NumericList(mz, compress = FALSE)
            object@intensity <- NumericList(intensity, compress = FALSE)
            validObject(object)
            object
        })

We below create the backend again with the updated `backendInitialize()`.

    ## Create and initialize the backend
    be <- backendInitialize(MsBackendTest(),
                            svars = svars, mz = mzs, intensity = ints)
    be

    ## An object of class "MsBackendTest"
    ## Slot "spectraVars":
    ##   msLevel rtime dataStorage      dataOrigin
    ## 1       1   1.2    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 2       2   1.3    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 3       2   1.4    <memory> <user provided>
    ##
    ## Slot "mz":
    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 12.3 13.5 16.5 17.5
    ## [[2]] 45.1 45.2
    ## [[3]] 64.4 123.1 124.1
    ##
    ## Slot "intensity":
    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 123.3 153.6 2354.3 243.4
    ## [[2]] 100 80.1
    ## [[3]] 12.3 35.2 100
    ##
    ## Slot "readonly":
    ## [1] FALSE
    ##
    ## Slot "version":
    ## [1] "0.1"

The `backendInitialize()` method that we implemented for our backend class expects the user to provide the full MS data. This does however not always have to be the case. The `backendInitialize()` method of the `MsBackendMzR` backend takes for example the file names of the raw mzML, mzXML or CDF files as input and initializes the backend by importing part of the data from these. Also the backends defined by the MsBackendMgf or `r Biocpkg("MsBackendMsp")` packages work in the same way and thus allow to import MS data from these specific file formats. The `backendInitialize()` method of the backend defined in the MsBackendSql on the other hand takes only the connection to a database containing the data as input and performs some sanity checks on the data but does not load the data into the backend. Any subsequent data access is handled by the methods of the backend class through SQL calls to the database.

The purpose of the `backendInitialize()` method is to initialize and prepare the data in a way that it can be accessed by a `Spectra` object (through the initialized backend class). Whether the data is loaded by the `backendInitialize()` method into memory or simply referenced to within the backend class does not matter as long as the backend is able to provide the data with its accessor methods.

Note also that a `backendInitialize()` function should ideally also perform some data sanity checks (e.g. whether spectra variables have the correct data type etc).

After creating our backend and initializing it with data we can also test and use the `spectraData()` method:

    ## Full data
    spectraData(be)

    ## DataFrame with 3 rows and 19 columns
    ##     msLevel     rtime acquisitionNum scanIndex                 mz
    ##   <integer> <numeric>      <integer> <integer>      <NumericList>
    ## 1         1       1.2             NA        NA 12.3,13.5,16.5,...
    ## 2         2       1.3             NA        NA          45.1,45.2
    ## 3         2       1.4             NA        NA   64.4,123.1,124.1
    ##                  intensity dataStorage      dataOrigin centroided  smoothed
    ##              <NumericList> <character>     <character>  <logical> <logical>
    ## 1  123.3, 153.6,2354.3,...    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA
    ## 2              100.0, 80.1    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA
    ## 3         12.3, 35.2,100.0    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA
    ##    polarity precScanNum precursorMz precursorIntensity precursorCharge
    ##   <integer>   <integer>   <numeric>          <numeric>       <integer>
    ## 1        NA          NA          NA                 NA              NA
    ## 2        NA          NA          NA                 NA              NA
    ## 3        NA          NA          NA                 NA              NA
    ##   collisionEnergy isolationWindowLowerMz isolationWindowTargetMz
    ##         <numeric>              <numeric>               <numeric>
    ## 1              NA                     NA                      NA
    ## 2              NA                     NA                      NA
    ## 3              NA                     NA                      NA
    ##   isolationWindowUpperMz
    ##                <numeric>
    ## 1                     NA
    ## 2                     NA
    ## 3                     NA

    ## Selected variables
    spectraData(be, c("rtime", "mz", "centroided"))

    ## DataFrame with 3 rows and 3 columns
    ##       rtime                 mz centroided
    ##   <numeric>      <NumericList>  <logical>
    ## 1       1.2 12.3,13.5,16.5,...         NA
    ## 2       1.3          45.1,45.2         NA
    ## 3       1.4   64.4,123.1,124.1         NA

    ## Only missing core spectra variables
    spectraData(be, c("centroided", "polarity"))

    ## DataFrame with 3 rows and 2 columns
    ##   centroided  polarity
    ##    <logical> <integer>
    ## 1         NA        NA
    ## 2         NA        NA
    ## 3         NA        NA

And the `spectraVariables()` method:

    spectraVariables(be)

    ##  [1] "msLevel"                 "rtime"
    ##  [3] "acquisitionNum"          "scanIndex"
    ##  [5] "mz"                      "intensity"
    ##  [7] "dataStorage"             "dataOrigin"
    ##  [9] "centroided"              "smoothed"
    ## [11] "polarity"                "precScanNum"
    ## [13] "precursorMz"             "precursorIntensity"
    ## [15] "precursorCharge"         "collisionEnergy"
    ## [17] "isolationWindowLowerMz"  "isolationWindowTargetMz"
    ## [19] "isolationWindowUpperMz"

### 3.1.4 `peaksData()`

The `peaksData()` method extracts the MS peaks data from a backend, which includes the m/z and intensity values of each MS peak of a spectrum. These are expected to be returned as a `List` of numerical matrices with columns in each `matrix` being the requested peaks variables (with the default being `"mz"` and `"intensity"`) of one spectrum. Backends must provide at least these two peaks variables.

Below we implement the `peaksData()` method for our backend. We need to loop over the `@mz` and `@intensity` slots to merge the m/z and intensity of each spectrum into a `matrix`. Also, for simplicity reasons, we accept only `c("mz", "intensity")` for the `columns` parameter. This is the expected default behavior for a `MsBackend`, but in general the `columns` parameter is thought to allow the user to specify which peaks variables should be returned in each `matrix`.

    setMethod(
        "peaksData", "MsBackendTest",
        function(object, columns = c("mz", "intensity")) {
            if (length(columns) != 2 && columns != c("mz", "intensity"))
                stop("'columns' supports only \"mz\" and \"intensity\"")
            mapply(mz = object@mz, intensity = object@intensity,
                   FUN = cbind, SIMPLIFY = FALSE, USE.NAMES = FALSE)
        })

And with this method we can now extract the peaks data from our backend.

    peaksData(be)

    ## [[1]]
    ##        mz intensity
    ## [1,] 12.3     123.3
    ## [2,] 13.5     153.6
    ## [3,] 16.5    2354.3
    ## [4,] 17.5     243.4
    ##
    ## [[2]]
    ##        mz intensity
    ## [1,] 45.1     100.0
    ## [2,] 45.2      80.1
    ##
    ## [[3]]
    ##         mz intensity
    ## [1,]  64.4      12.3
    ## [2,] 123.1      35.2
    ## [3,] 124.1     100.0

The `peaksData()` method is used in many data analysis functions of the `Spectra` object to extract the MS data, thus ideally this method should be implemented in an efficient way. For our backend we need to loop over the lists of m/z and intensity values which is obviously not ideal. Thus, storing the m/z and intensity values in separate slots as done in this backend might not be ideal. The `MsBackendMemory` backend for example stores the MS data already as a `list` of matrices which results in a more efficient `peaksData()` method (but comes also with a larger overhead when adding, replacing or checking MS data).

Note also that while a backend needs to provide m/z and intensity values, additional peak variables would also be supported. The `MsBackendMemory` class for example allows to store and provide additional peak variables that can then be added as additional columns to each returned `matrix`. In this case the default `peaksVariables()` method should also be overwritten to list the additionally available variables and the `columns` parameter of the `peaksData()` method should allow selection of these additional peaks variables (in addition to the required `"mz"` and `"intensity"` variables).

### 3.1.5 `extractByIndex()` and `[`

The `extractByIndex()` and `[` methods allows to subset `MsBackend` objects. This operation is expected to reduce a `MsBackend` object to the selected spectra. These methods must also support duplication (e.g. `[c(1, 1, 1)]` and extraction in any arbitrary order (e.g. `[c(3, 1, 5, 3)]`). While both methods subset the object, `extractByIndex()` only supports to subset with an `integer` index, while `[`, to be compliant with the base R implementation, should support to subset by indices or logical vectors. An error should be thrown if indices are out of bounds, but the method should also support returning an empty backend with `[integer()]`. Note that the `MsCoreUtils::i2index` function can be used to check for correct input (and convert the input to an `integer` index).

The `extractByIndex()` method is used by the data operation and analysis methods on `Spectra` objects, while the `[` is intended to be used by the end user (if needed). Below we implement `extractByIndex()` for our backend:

    setMethod("extractByIndex", c("MsBackendTest", "ANY"), function(object, i) {
        object@spectraVars <- object@spectraVars[i, ]
        object@mz <- object@mz[i]
        object@intensity <- object@intensity[i]
        object
    })

The `[` does not need to be defined because a default implementation for the base `MsBackend` exists.

We can now subset our backend to the last two spectra.

    a <- extractByIndex(be, 2:3)
    spectraData(a)

    ## DataFrame with 2 rows and 19 columns
    ##     msLevel     rtime acquisitionNum scanIndex                mz
    ##   <integer> <numeric>      <integer> <integer>     <NumericList>
    ## 1         2       1.3             NA        NA         45.1,45.2
    ## 2         2       1.4             NA        NA  64.4,123.1,124.1
    ##           intensity dataStorage      dataOrigin centroided  smoothed  polarity
    ##       <NumericList> <character>     <character>  <logical> <logical> <integer>
    ## 1       100.0, 80.1    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA        NA
    ## 2  12.3, 35.2,100.0    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA        NA
    ##   precScanNum precursorMz precursorIntensity precursorCharge collisionEnergy
    ##     <integer>   <numeric>          <numeric>       <integer>       <numeric>
    ## 1          NA          NA                 NA              NA              NA
    ## 2          NA          NA                 NA              NA              NA
    ##   isolationWindowLowerMz isolationWindowTargetMz isolationWindowUpperMz
    ##                <numeric>               <numeric>              <numeric>
    ## 1                     NA                      NA                     NA
    ## 2                     NA                      NA                     NA

Or extracting the second spectrum multiple times.

    a <- be[c(2, 2, 2)]
    spectraData(a)

    ## DataFrame with 3 rows and 19 columns
    ##       msLevel     rtime acquisitionNum scanIndex            mz     intensity
    ##     <integer> <numeric>      <integer> <integer> <NumericList> <NumericList>
    ## 2           2       1.3             NA        NA     45.1,45.2   100.0, 80.1
    ## 2.1         2       1.3             NA        NA     45.1,45.2   100.0, 80.1
    ## 2.2         2       1.3             NA        NA     45.1,45.2   100.0, 80.1
    ##     dataStorage      dataOrigin centroided  smoothed  polarity precScanNum
    ##     <character>     <character>  <logical> <logical> <integer>   <integer>
    ## 2      <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA        NA          NA
    ## 2.1    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA        NA          NA
    ## 2.2    <memory> <user provided>         NA        NA        NA          NA
    ##     precursorMz precursorIntensity precursorCharge collisionEnergy
    ##       <numeric>          <numeric>       <integer>       <numeric>
    ## 2            NA                 NA              NA              NA
    ## 2.1          NA                 NA              NA              NA
    ## 2.2          NA                 NA              NA              NA
    ##     isolationWindowLowerMz isolationWindowTargetMz isolationWindowUpperMz
    ##                  <numeric>               <numeric>              <numeric>
    ## 2                       NA                      NA                     NA
    ## 2.1                     NA                      NA                     NA
    ## 2.2                     NA                      NA                     NA

### 3.1.6 `backendMerge()`

The `backendMerge()` method merges (combines) `MsBackend` objects (of the same type!) into a single instance. For our test backend we thus need to combine the values in the `@spectraVars`, `@mz` and `@intensity` slots. To support also merging of `data.frame`s with different set of columns we use the `MsCoreUtils::rbindFill()` function instead of a simple `rbind()` (this function joins data frames making an union of all available columns).

    setMethod("backendMerge", "MsBackendTest", function(object, ...) {
        res <- object
        object <- unname(c(object, ...))
        res@mz <- do.call(c, lapply(object, function(z) z@mz))
        res@intensity <- do.call(c, lapply(object, function(z) z@intensity))
        res@spectraVars <- do.call(MsCoreUtils::rbindFill,
                                   lapply(object, function(z) z@spectraVars))
        validObject(res)
        res
    })

Again, this implementation which requires 3 loops might not be the most efficient - but it allows to merge backends of the type `MsBackendTest`.

    a <- backendMerge(be, be[2], be)
    a

    ## An object of class "MsBackendTest"
    ## Slot "spectraVars":
    ##    msLevel rtime dataStorage      dataOrigin
    ## 1        1   1.2    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 2        2   1.3    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 3        2   1.4    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 21       2   1.3    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 11       1   1.2    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 22       2   1.3    <memory> <user provided>
    ## 31       2   1.4    <memory> <user provided>
    ##
    ## Slot "mz":
    ## NumericList of length 7
    ## [[1]] 12.3 13.5 16.5 17.5
    ## [[2]] 45.1 45.2
    ## [[3]] 64.4 123.1 124.1
    ## [[4]] 45.1 45.2
    ## [[5]] 12.3 13.5 16.5 17.5
    ## [[6]] 45.1 45.2
    ## [[7]] 64.4 123.1 124.1
    ##
    ## Slot "intensity":
    ## NumericList of length 7
    ## [[1]] 123.3 153.6 2354.3 243.4
    ## [[2]] 100 80.1
    ## [[3]] 12.3 35.2 100
    ## [[4]] 100 80.1
    ## [[5]] 123.3 153.6 2354.3 243.4
    ## [[6]] 100 80.1
    ## [[7]] 12.3 35.2 100
    ##
    ## Slot "readonly":
    ## [1] FALSE
    ##
    ## Slot "version":
    ## [1] "0.1"

### 3.1.7 `intensity()`

Extract the intensity values for each spectrum in the backend. The result is expected to be a `NumericList` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. For our test backend we can simply return the `@intensity` slot since the data is already stored within a `NumericList`.

    setMethod("intensity", "MsBackendTest", function(object) {
        object@intensity
    })
    intensity(be)

    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 123.3 153.6 2354.3 243.4
    ## [[2]] 100 80.1
    ## [[3]] 12.3 35.2 100

### 3.1.8 `mz()`

Extract the m/z values for each spectrum in the backend. The result is expected to be a `NumericList` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. Also, the m/z values are expected to be ordered increasingly for each element (spectrum).

    setMethod("mz", "MsBackendTest", function(object) {
        object@mz
    })
    mz(be)

    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 12.3 13.5 16.5 17.5
    ## [[2]] 45.1 45.2
    ## [[3]] 64.4 123.1 124.1

### 3.1.9 `spectraNames()`

The `spectraNames()` can be used to extract (optional) names (or IDs) for individual spectra of a backend, or `NULL` if not set. For our test backend we can use the `rownames` of the `@spectraVars` slot to store spectra names.

    setMethod("spectraNames", "MsBackendTest", function(object) {
        rownames(object@spectraVars)
    })
    spectraNames(be)

    ## [1] "1" "2" "3"

These are all the methods that need to be implemented for a valid read-only `MsBackend` class and running a test on such an object as described in section Testing the validity of the backend should not produce any errors. For backends that support also data replacement also the methods listed in the next section need to be implemented.

## 3.2 Data replacement methods

As stated in the general description, `MsBackend` implementations can also be purely read-only resources allowing to just access data, but not to replace the data. Thus, it is not strictly required to implement these methods, but for a fully functional backend it is suggested (as much as possible). A backend for a purely read-only MS data resource might even extend the `MsBackendCached` backend defined in the `Spectra` package that provides a mechanism to cache (spectra variable) data in a `data.frame` within the object. The `MsBackendMassbankSql` implemented in the MsBackendMassbank package extends for example this backend and thus allows modifying some spectra variables without changing the original data in the MassBank SQL database.

### 3.2.1 `$<-`

The `$<-` method should allow to replace values for spectra variables or also to add additional spectra variables to the backend. As with all replacement methods, the `length()` of `value` has to match the number of spectra represented by the backend. In addition to the method we implement also a simple helper function `.match_length()` that checks for the correct length of `value`. Each data replacement method needs to check for that and this function thus reduces code duplication.

    .match_length <- function(x, y) {
        if (length(x) != length(y))
            stop("Length of 'value' has to match the length of 'object'")
    }

    setReplaceMethod("$", "MsBackendTest", function(x, name, value) {
        .match_length(x, value)
        if (name == "mz") {
            mz(x) <- value
        } else if (name == "intensity") {
           intensity(x) <- value
        } else {
            x@spectraVars[[name]] <- value
        }
        .sv_valid_data_type(x@spectraVars, name)
        x
    })

We can now replace for example existing spectra variables:

    msLevel(be)

    ## [1] 1 2 2

    be$msLevel <- c(2L, 1L, 2L)
    msLevel(be)

    ## [1] 2 1 2

Or even add new spectra variables.

    be$new_var <- c("a", "b", "c")
    be$new_var

    ## [1] "a" "b" "c"

For all core spectra variables default replacement methods exist that use the `$<-` to replace values.

### 3.2.2 `spectraData<-`

The `spectraData<-` method should allow to replace the data within a backend. The method should take a `DataFrame` with the full data as input value and is expected to replace the full data within the backend, i.e. all spectra variables as well as peak data. Also, importantly, the number of spectra before and after calling the `spectraData<-` method on an object has to be the same. For our implementation we can make use of the optional parameter `data` that we added to the `backendInitialize()` method and that allows to fill a `MsBackendTest` object with the full data.

    setReplaceMethod("spectraData", "MsBackendTest", function(object, value) {
        if (!inherits(value, "DataFrame"))
            stop("'value' is expected to be a 'DataFrame'")
        if (length(object) && length(object) != nrow(value))
            stop("'value' has to be a 'DataFrame' with ", length(object), " rows")
        object <- backendInitialize(MsBackendTest(), data = value)
        object
    })

To test this new method we extract the full spectra data, add an additional column (spectra variable) and replace the data again.

    d <- spectraData(be)
    d$new_col <- c("a", "b", "c")

    spectraData(be) <- d
    be$new_col

    ## [1] "a" "b" "c"

### 3.2.3 `intensity<-`

The `intensity<-` method should allow to replace the intensity values of all spectra in a backend. This method is expected to only replace the values of the intensities, but must not change the number of intensities (and hence peaks) of a spectrum (that could be done with the `peaksData<-` method that allows to replace intensity and m/z values at the same time). The `value` for the method should ideally be a `NumericList` to ensure that all intensity values are indeed `numeric`.

    setReplaceMethod("intensity", "MsBackendTest", function(object, value) {
        .match_length(object, value)
        if (!(is.list(value) || inherits(value, "NumericList")))
            stop("'value' has to be a list or NumericList")
        if (!all(lengths(value) == lengths(mz(object))))
            stop("lengths of 'value' has to match the number of peaks per spectrum")
        if (!inherits(value, "NumericList"))
            value <- NumericList(value, compress = FALSE)
        object@intensity <- value
        object
    })

We could now use this method to replace the intensities in our backend with modified intensities.

    intensity(be)

    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 123.3 153.6 2354.3 243.4
    ## [[2]] 100 80.1
    ## [[3]] 12.3 35.2 100

    intensity(be) <- intensity(be) - 10
    intensity(be)

    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] 113.3 143.6 2344.3 233.4
    ## [[2]] 90 70.1
    ## [[3]] 2.3 25.2 90

### 3.2.4 `mz<-`

The `mz<-` method should allow to replace the m/z values of all spectra in a backend. The implementation can be the same as for the `intensity<-` method. m/z values within each spectrum need to be increasingly ordered. We thus also check that this is the case for the provided m/z values. We take here the advantage that a efficient `is.unsorted()` implementation for `NumericList` is already available, which is faster than e.g. calling `vapply(mz(be), is.unsorted, logical(1))`.

    setReplaceMethod("mz", "MsBackendTest", function(object, value) {
        .match_length(object, value)
        if (!(is.list(value) || inherits(value, "NumericList")))
            stop("'value' has to be a list or NumericList")
        if (!all(lengths(value) == lengths(mz(object))))
            stop("lengths of 'value' has to match the number of peaks per spectrum")
        if (!inherits(value, "NumericList"))
            value <- NumericList(value, compress = FALSE)
        if (any(is.unsorted(value)))
            stop("m/z values need to be increasingly sorted within each spectrum")
        object@mz <- value
        object
    })

### 3.2.5 `peaksData<-`

The `peaksData<-` should allow to replace the peaks data (m/z and intensity values) of all spectra in a backend. In contrast to the `mz<-` and `intensity<-` methods this method should also support changing the number of peaks per spectrum (e.g. due to filtering). Parameter `value` has to be a `list` of `matrix` objects with columns `"mz"` and `"intensity"`. The length of this list has to match the number of spectra in the backend. In the implementation for our backend class we need to loop over this list to extract the m/z and intensity values and assign them to the `@mz` and `@intensity` slots.

    setReplaceMethod("peaksData", "MsBackendTest", function(object, value) {
        if (!(is.list(value) || inherits(value, "SimpleList")))
            stop("'value' has to be a list-like object")
        .match_length(object, value)
        object@mz <- NumericList(lapply(value, "[", , "mz"), compress = FALSE)
        object@intensity <- NumericList(lapply(value, "[", , "intensity"),
                                        compress = FALSE)
        validObject(object)
        object
    })

Using the `peaksData<-` method we can now also for example remove peaks.

    pd <- peaksData(be)
    ## Remove the first peak from the first spectrum
    pd[[1L]] <- pd[[1L]][-1L, ]

    lengths(be)

    ## [1] 4 2 3

    peaksData(be) <- pd
    lengths(be)

    ## [1] 3 2 3

### 3.2.6 `selectSpectraVariables()`

The `selectSpectraVariables()` function should allow to reduce the information within the backend (parameter `object`) to the selected spectra variables (parameter `spectraVariables`). This is equivalent to a subset by columns/variables. For core spectra variables, if not specified by parameter `spectraVariables`, only their values are expected to be removed (since core spectra variables are expected to be available even if they are not defined within a backend). The implementation for our backend will remove any columns in the `@spectraVars` data frame not defined in the `spectraVariables` parameter. Special care is given to the `"mz"` and `"intensity"` spectra variables: if they are not selected, the `@mz` and `@intensity` slots are initialized with empty `NumericList` (of length matching the number of spectra). Note also that some backends might throw an error if a spectra variable required for the backend is removed (such as `"dataStorage"` for a `MsBackendMzR` backend, which is required by the backend to allow retrieval of m/z and intensity values).

    setMethod(
        "selectSpectraVariables", "MsBackendTest",
        function(object, spectraVariables = spectraVariables(object)) {
            keep <- colnames(object@spectraVars) %in% spectraVariables
            object@spectraVars <- object@spectraVars[, keep, drop = FALSE]
            if (!any(spectraVariables == "mz"))
                object@mz <- NumericList(vector("list", length(object)),
                                         compress = FALSE)
            if (!any(spectraVariables == "intensity"))
                object@intensity <- NumericList(vector("list", length(object)),
                                                compress = FALSE)
            validObject(object)
            object
        })

We can now use `selectSpectraVariables()` to remove for example the spectra variable `"new_var"` added above.

    be2 <- be
    be2 <- selectSpectraVariables(be2, c("msLevel", "rtime", "mz",
                                         "intensity", "dataStorage"))
    spectraVariables(be2)

    ##  [1] "msLevel"                 "rtime"
    ##  [3] "acquisitionNum"          "scanIndex"
    ##  [5] "mz"                      "intensity"
    ##  [7] "dataStorage"             "dataOrigin"
    ##  [9] "centroided"              "smoothed"
    ## [11] "polarity"                "precScanNum"
    ## [13] "precursorMz"             "precursorIntensity"
    ## [15] "precursorCharge"         "collisionEnergy"
    ## [17] "isolationWindowLowerMz"  "isolationWindowTargetMz"
    ## [19] "isolationWindowUpperMz"

The spectra variable `"new_var"` is now no longer be available. Note however that still all core spectra variables are listed, even if they were not selected with the `spectraVariables` parameter. While these variables (such as `"dataOrigin"`) are still listed by `spectraVariables(be2)`, their actual values have been removed:

    dataOrigin(be)

    ## [1] "<user provided>" "<user provided>" "<user provided>"

    dataOrigin(be2)

    ## [1] NA NA NA

If `"mz"` and `"intensitity"` are not selected, the m/z and intensity values get removed.

    be2 <- selectSpectraVariables(be2, c("msLevel", "rtime", "dataStorage"))
    mz(be2)

    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] numeric(0)
    ## [[2]] numeric(0)
    ## [[3]] numeric(0)

    intensity(be2)

    ## NumericList of length 3
    ## [[1]] numeric(0)
    ## [[2]] numeric(0)
    ## [[3]] numeric(0)

### 3.2.7 `dataStorage<-`

Replace the values for the data storage spectra variable. Parameter `value` has to be of type `character`. Since our backend does not really make any use of this spectra variable, we can accept any character value. For other backends, that for example need to load data on-the-fly from data files, this spectra variable could be used to store the name of the data files and hence we would need to perform some additional checks within this replacement function.

    setReplaceMethod("dataStorage", "MsBackendTest", function(object, value) {
        object$dataStorage <- value
        object
    })

    dataStorage(be)

    ## [1] "<memory>" "<memory>" "<memory>"

    dataStorage(be) <- c("", "", "")
    dataStorage(be)

    ## [1] "" "" ""

### 3.2.8 `spectraNames<-`

Replace the names of individual spectras within the backend. Same as for `names`, `colnames` or `rownames`, `spectraNames` are expected to be of type `character`. In our backend implementation we store the spectra names into the `rownames` of the `@spectraVars` data frame.

    setReplaceMethod("spectraNames", "MsBackendTest", function(object, value) {
        rownames(object@spectraVars) <- value
        object
    })

    spectraNames(be) <- c("a", "b", "c")
    spectraNames(be)

    ## [1] "a" "b" "c"

## 3.3 Optional methods

Default implementations for these methods are available for `MsBackend` classes, thus these methods don’t have to be implemented for each new backend. For some backends, depending on how the data is represented or accessed within it, different implementations might however be more efficient.

### 3.3.1 `$`

The `$` method is expected to extract a single spectra variable from a backend. Parameter `name` should allow to name the spectra variable to return. Each `MsBackend` must support extracting the core spectra variables with this method (even if no data might be available for that variable). In our example implementation below we make use of the `spectraData()` method, but more efficient implementations might be available as well (that would not require to first subset/create a `DataFrame` with the full data and to then subset that again). Also, the `$` method should check if the requested spectra variable is available and should throw an error otherwise. The default implementation of the method is shown below.

    setMethod("$", "MsBackend", function(x, name) {
        spectraData(x, columns = name)[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.2 `acquisitionNum()`

Extract the `acquisitionNum` core spectra variable. The method is expected to return an `integer` vector with the same length as there are spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("acquisitionNum", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "acquisitionNum")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.3 `backendBpparam()`

The `backendBpparam()` method is supposed to evaluate whether a provided (or the default) parallel processing setup is supported by the backend. Backends that do not support parallel processing should return `SerialParam()` instead.

The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("backendBpparam", signature = "MsBackend",
              function(object, BPPARAM = bpparam()) {
                  ## Return SerialParam() instead to disable parallel processing
                  BPPARAM
              })

### 3.3.4 `backendParallelFactor()`

The `backendParallelFactor()` allows a backend to suggest a preferred way how the backend could be split for parallel processing. See also the notes on parallel processing above for more information. The default implementation returns `factor()` (i.e. a `factor` of length 0) hence not suggesting any splitting:

    setMethod("backendParallelFactor", "MsBackend", function(object, ...) {
        factor()
    })

### 3.3.5 `backendRequiredSpectraVariables()`

The `backendRequiredSpectraVariables()` method can be implemented if a backend needs specific spectra variables to work. The default implementation is:

    setMethod("backendRequiredSpectraVariables", "MsBackend",
              function(object, ...) {
                  character()
              })

The implementation for `MsBackendMzR` returns `c("dataStorage", "scanIndex")` as the backend needs these two spectra variables to load the MS data on-the-fly from the original data files.

### 3.3.6 `centroided()`

Extract for each spectrum the information whether it contains centroided data. The method is expected to return a `logical` vector with the same length as there are spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("centroided", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "centroided")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.7 `centroided<-`

Replace the value for the centroided core spectra variable. The provided data type must be a logical. The default implementation of this method is:

    setReplaceMethod("centroided", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$centroided <- value
        object
    })

    centroided(be) <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)
    centroided(be)

    ## [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE

### 3.3.8 `collisionEnergy()`

Extract for each spectrum the collision energy applied to generate the fragment spectrum. The method is expected to return a `numeric` vector with the same length as there are spectra represented by the backend (with `NA_real_` for spectra for which this information is not available, such as MS1 spectra). The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("collisionEnergy", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "collisionEnergy")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.9 `collisionEnergy<-`

Replace the values for the collision energy. Parameter `value` has to be of type `numeric`. The default implementation of this method is:

    setReplaceMethod("collisionEnergy", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$collisionEnergy <- value
        object
    })

### 3.3.10 `dataOrigin()`

Extract the data origin spectra variable for each spectrum. This spectra variable can be used to store the origin of each spectra. The method is expected to return a `character` vector of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("dataOrigin", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "dataOrigin")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.11 `dataOrigin<-`

Replace the values for the data origin spectra variable. Parameter `value` has to be of type `character`. The default implementation of this method is:

    setReplaceMethod("dataOrigin", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$dataOrigin <- value
        object
    })

    dataOrigin(be)

    ## [1] "<user provided>" "<user provided>" "<user provided>"

    dataOrigin(be) <- c("unknown", "file a", "file b")
    dataOrigin(be)

    ## [1] "unknown" "file a"  "file b"

### 3.3.12 `dataStorage()`

The `dataStorage` spectra variable of a spectrum provides some information how or where the data is stored. The `dataStorage()` method should therefor return a `character` vector with length equal to the number of spectra of a backend object with that information. For most backends the data storage information can be a simple string such as `"memory"` or `"database"` to specify that the data of a spectrum is stored within the object itself or in a database, respectively.

Backend classes that keep only a subset of the MS data in memory and need to load data from data files upon request will use this spectra variable to store and keep track of the original data file for each spectrum. An example is the `MsBackendMzR` backend that retrieves the MS data on-the-fly from the original data file(s) whenever m/z or intensity values are requested from the backend. Calling `dataStorage()` on an `MsBackendMzR` returns thus the names from the originating files.

The default implementation of the method is shown below.

    setMethod("dataOrigin", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "dataStorage")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.13 `dropNaSpectraVariables()`

The `dropNaSpectraVariables()` is supposed to allow removing all spectra variables from a data set (storage) that contain only missing values (i.e. where the value of a spectra variable for each spectrum is `NA`). This function is intended to reduce memory requirements of backends such as the `MsBackendMzR` that load values from all core spectra variables from the original data files, even if their values are only `NA`. Removing these missing values from the backend can hence reduce the size in memory of a backend without data loss (because methods extracting core spectra variables are supposed to always return `NA` values even if no data is available for them - in such cases the `NA` values are supposed to be created on-the-fly.

The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("dropNaSpectraVariables", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        svs <- spectraVariables(object)
        svs <- svs[!(svs %in% c("mz", "intensity"))]
        spd <- spectraData(object, columns = svs)
        keep <- !vapply1l(spd, function(z) all(is.na(z)))
        selectSpectraVariables(object, c(svs[keep], "mz", "intensity"))
    })

### 3.3.14 `isEmpty()`

The `isEmpty()` method is expected to return for each spectrum the information whether it is empty, i.e. does not contain any MS peaks (and hence m/z or intensity values). The result of the method has to be a `logical` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend with `TRUE` indicating whether a spectrum is empty and `FALSE` otherwise. The default implementation is shown below. It requires the `lengths()` method to be implemented.

    setMethod("isEmpty", "MsBackend", function(x) {
        lengths(x) == 0L
    })

### 3.3.15 `isolationWindowLowerMz()`

Extract the core spectra variable `isolationWindowLowerMz` from the backend. This information is usually provided for each spectrum in the raw mzML files. The method is expected to return a `numeric` vector of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("isolationWindowLowerMz", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "isolationWindowLowerMz")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.16 `isolationWindowLowerMz<-`

Replace the values for the isolation window lower m/z spectra variable. Parameter `value` has to be of type `numeric` (`NA_real_` missing values are supported, e.g. for MS1 spectra). The default implementation of this method is:

    setReplaceMethod(
        "isolationWindowLowerMz", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
            object$isolationWindowLowerMz <- value
            object
        })

    isolationWindowLowerMz(be) <- c(NA_real_, 245.3, NA_real_)
    isolationWindowLowerMz(be)

    ## [1]    NA 245.3    NA

### 3.3.17 `isolationWindowTargetMz()`

Extract the core spectra variable `isolationWindowTargetMz` from the backend. This information is usually provided for each spectrum in the raw mzML files. The method is expected to return a `numeric` vector of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("isolationWindowTargetMz", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "isolationWindowTargetMz")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.18 `isolationWindowTargetMz<-`

Replace the values for the isolation window target m/z spectra variable. Parameter `value` has to be of type `numeric` (`NA_real_` missing values are supported, e.g. for MS1 spectra). The default implementation of this method is:

    setReplaceMethod(
        "isolationWindowTargetMz", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
            object$isolationWindowTargetMz <- value
            object
        })

    isolationWindowTargetMz(be) <- c(NA_real_, 245.4, NA_real_)
    isolationWindowTargetMz(be)

    ## [1]    NA 245.4    NA

### 3.3.19 `isolationWindowUpperMz()`

Extract the core spectra variable `isolationWindowUpperMz` from the backend. This information is usually provided for each spectrum in the raw mzML files. The method is expected to return a `numeric` vector of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("isolationWindowUpperMz", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "isolationWindowUpperMz")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.20 `isolationWindowUpperMz<-`

Replace the values for the isolation window upper m/z spectra variable. Parameter `value` has to be of type `numeric` (`NA_real_` missing values are supported, e.g. for MS1 spectra). The default implementation of this method is:

    setReplaceMethod(
        "isolationWindowUpperMz", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
            object$isolationWindowUpperMz <- value
            object
        })

    isolationWindowUpperMz(be) <- c(NA_real_, 245.5, NA_real_)
    isolationWindowUpperMz(be)

    ## [1]    NA 245.5    NA

### 3.3.21 `isReadOnly()`

`isReadOnly()` is expected to return a `logical(1)` with either `TRUE` or `FALSE` indicating whether the backend supports replacing data or not. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("isReadOnly", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        object@readonly
    })

### 3.3.22 `length()`

`length()` is expected to return a single `integer` with the total number of spectra that are available through the backend class. The default implementation is shown below. Note that the default implementation first accesses the full data, thus it is suggested, for new backends, to implement a more efficient function.

    setMethod("length", "MsBackend", function(x) {
        nrow(spectraData(x))
    })

### 3.3.23 `lengths()`

The `lengths()` method is expected to return an `integer` vector (same length as the number of spectra in the backend) with the total number of peaks per spectrum. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("lengths", "MsBackend", function(x, use.names = FALSE) {
        vapply(peaksData(x), nrow, NA_integer_)
    })

For our `MsBackendTest` we can simply use the `lengths()` method on the m/z or intensity values for that.

    setMethod("lengths", "MsBackendTest", function(x, use.names = FALSE) {
        lengths(x@mz, use.names = use.names)
    })

And we can now get the peaks count per spectrum:

    lengths(be)

    ## [1] 3 2 3

### 3.3.24 `msLevel()`

Extract the MS level for each spectrum in the backend. This method is expected to return an `integer` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("msLevel", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "msLevel")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.25 `msLevel<-`

Replace the MS level of spectra in a backend. Parameter `value` has to be of type `integer`. Missing values (`NA_integer_`) are supported.

    setReplaceMethod("msLevel", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$msLevel <- value
        object
    })

    msLevel(be)

    ## [1] 2 1 2

    msLevel(be) <- c(1L, 1L, 2L)
    msLevel(be)

    ## [1] 1 1 2

### 3.3.26 `peaksVariables()`

The `peaksVariables()` is expected to return a `character` vector with the names of the peaks variables (i.e. information and properties of individual mass peaks) available in the backend. The default implementation for `MsBackend` returns by default `c("mz", "intensity")`. This method should only be implemented for backends that (eventually) also provide additional peaks variables. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("peaksVariables", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        c("mz", "intensity")
    })

### 3.3.27 `polarity()`

Extract the `polarity` core spectra variable for each spectrum in the backend. This method is expected to return an `integer` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. Negative and positive polarity are expected to be encoded by `0L` and `1L`, respectively.

    setMethod("polarity", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "polarity")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.28 `polarity<-`

Replace the values for the polarity spectra variables. Parameter `value` has to be of type `integer` and should ideally also use the standard encoding `0L` and `1L` for negative and positive polarity (and `NA_integer` for missing).

    setReplaceMethod("polarity", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$polarity <- value
        object
    })

    polarity(be) <- c(0L, 0L, 0L)
    polarity(be)

    ## [1] 0 0 0

### 3.3.29 `precScanNum()`

Extract the acquisition number of the precursor for each spectrum. This method is expected to return an `integer` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. For MS1 spectra (or if the acquisition number of the precursor is not provided) `NA_integer_` has to be returned. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("precScanNum", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "precScanNum")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.30 `precursorCharge()`

Extract the charge of the precursor for each spectrum. This method is expected to return an `integer` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. For MS1 spectra (or if the charge of the precursor is not provided) `NA_integer_` has to be returned. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("precursorCharge", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "precursorCharge")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.31 `precursorIntensity()`

Extract the intensity of the precursor for each spectrum. This method is expected to return an `numeric` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. For MS1 spectra (or if the precursor intensity for a fragment spectrum is not provided) `NA_real_` has to be returned. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("precursorIntensity", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "precursorIntensity")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.32 `precursorMz()`

Extract the precursor m/z for each spectrum. This method is expected to return an `numeric` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. For MS1 spectra (or if the precursor m/z for a fragment spectrum is not provided) `NA_real_` has to be returned. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("precursorMz", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "precursorMz")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.33 `precursorMz<-`

Replace the values for the precursor m/z spectra variable. Parameter `value` has to be of type `numeric` (`NA_real_` missing values are supported, e.g. for MS1 spectra). The default implementation uses the `$<-` method:

    setReplaceMethod("precursorMz", "MsBackend", function(object, ..., value) {
        object$precursorMz <- value
        object
    })

### 3.3.34 `ionCount()`

The `ionCount()` method should return a `numeric` (length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend) with the sum of all intensities within each spectrum. For empty spectra `NA_real_` should be returned. The method below is the default implementation of the method.

    setMethod("ionCount", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        vapply1d(intensity(object), sum, na.rm = TRUE)
    })

### 3.3.35 `isCentroided()`

This method should return the information for each spectrum whether it is centroided. In contrast to the `centroided()` method a heuristic approach is used. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("isCentroided", "MsBackend", function(object, ...) {
        vapply1l(peaksData(object), .peaks_is_centroided)
    })

### 3.3.36 `longForm()`

This method returns the MS data of a `MsBackend` as a `data.frame` with columns being individual spectra or peaks variables and each row representing one mass peak. A default implementation is available that converts the `DataFrame` returned by a `spectraData()` call into a long form `data.frame` by repeating spectra variable values to match the number of peaks per spectrum.

### 3.3.37 `reset()`

This is a special method that backends may implement or support, but don’t necessary have to. This method will be called by the `reset,Spectra` method and is supposed to restore the data to its original state. The default implementation for `MsBackend` shown below simply returns the backend as-is. The `MsBackendSql` backend from the MsBackendSql package in contrast re-initializes the data using the data from the database.

    setMethod("reset", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        object
    })

### 3.3.38 `export()`

This method should export the data from a `MsBackend`. The method is called by the `export,Spectra` method that passes itself as a second argument to the function. The `export,MsBackend` implementation is thus expected to take a `Spectra` object as second argument from which all data should be taken and exported. Implementation of this method is optional. The implementation of the method for the `MsBackendMzR` backend is shown below.

    setMethod("export", "MsBackendMzR", function(object, x, file = tempfile(),
                                                 format = c("mzML", "mzXML"),
                                                 copy = FALSE,
                                                 BPPARAM = bpparam()) {
        l <- length(x)
        file <- sanitize_file_name(file)
        if (length(file) == 1)
            file <- rep_len(file, l)
        if (length(file) != l)
            stop("Parameter 'file' has to be either of length 1 or ",
                 length(x), ", i.e. 'length(x)'.", call. = FALSE)
        f <- factor(file, levels = unique(file))
        tmp <- bpmapply(.write_ms_data_mzR, split(x, f), levels(f),
                        MoreArgs = list(format = format, copy = copy),
                        BPPARAM = BPPARAM)
    })

See alternatively also the MsBackendMgf package for an implementation for the `MsBackendMgf` backend.

### 3.3.39 `rtime()`

Extract the retention time of each spectrum. This method is expected to return a `numeric` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. the default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("rtime", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "rtime")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.40 `rtime<-`

Replace the retention times for the spectra represented by the backend. Parameter `value` must be of type `numeric`. Also, although it is not a strict requirement, retention times should ideally be ordered increasingly per sample and their unit should be seconds. The default implementation is:

    setReplaceMethod("rtime", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$rtime <- value
        object
    })

    rtime(be)

    ## [1] 1.2 1.3 1.4

    rtime(be) <- rtime(be) + 2
    rtime(be)

    ## [1] 3.2 3.3 3.4

### 3.3.41 `scanIndex()`

Extract the scan index core spectra variable. The scan index represents the relative index of the spectrum within the respective raw data file and can be different than the `acquisitionNum` (which is the index of a spectrum as recorded by the MS instrument). This method is expected to return a `integer` of length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("scanIndex", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "scanIndex")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.42 `smoothed()`

Extract the `smoothed` core spectra variable that indicates whether a spectrum was smoothed. This variable is supported for backward compatibility but seldomly used. The method is expected to return a `logical` with length equal to the number of spectra represented by the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("smoothed", "MsBackend", function(object) {
        spectraData(object, "smoothed")[, 1L]
    })

### 3.3.43 `smoothed<-`

Replace the spectra variable smoothed that indicates whether some data smoothing operation was performed on the spectra. Parameter `value` must be of type `logical`. The default implementation is:

    setReplaceMethod("smoothed", "MsBackend", function(object, value) {
        object$smoothed <- value
        object
    })

    smoothed(be) <- rep(TRUE, 3)
    smoothed(be)

    ## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

### 3.3.44 `split()`

The `split()` method should allow to split a `MsBackend` into a `list` of `MsBackend` objects. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("split", "MsBackend", function(x, f, drop = FALSE, ...) {
        split.default(x, f, drop = drop, ...)
    })

### 3.3.45 `supportsSetBackend()`

Whether a `MsBackend` supports the `setBackend()` method that allows to change the backend of a `Spectra` object from one to another backend. To support `setBackend()` the backend needs to have a parameter `data` in its `backendInitialize()` method that allows it to be initialized with a `DataFrame` containing the full spectra data. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("supportsSetBackend", "MsBackend", function(object, ...) {
        !isReadOnly(object)
    })

### 3.3.46 `tic()`

The `tic()` method should return the total ion count (i.e. the sum of intensities) for each spectrum. This information is usually also provided by the raw MS data files, but can also be calculated on the fly from the data. The parameter `initial` (which is by default `TRUE`) allows to define whether the provided original tic should be returned (for `initial = TRUE`) or whether the tic should be calculated on the actual data (`initial = FALSE`). The original tic values are usually provided by a spectra variable `"totIonCurrent"`. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("tic", "MsBackend", function(object, initial = TRUE) {
        if (initial) {
            if (any(spectraVariables(object) == "totIonCurrent"))
                spectraData(object, "totIonCurrent")[, 1L]
            else rep(NA_real_, length(object))
        } else vapply(intensity(object), sum, numeric(1), na.rm = TRUE)
    })

### 3.3.47 `uniqueMsLevels()`

This method should return the unique MS level(s) of all spectra within the backend. The default implementation is shown below.

    setMethod("uniqueMsLevels", "MsBackend", function(object, ...) {
        unique(msLevel(object))
    })

This method thus retrieves first the MS levels of all spectra and then calls `unique()` on them. Database-based backends might avoid such an eventually heavy operation by selecting the unique MS levels directly using an SQL call.

### 3.3.48 `filterDataOrigin()`

The `filter*` methods are expected to take a `MsBackend` and to subset it based on some criteria. While also the `[` method could be used to perform such subset operation, these methods might allow more efficient ways to subset the data e.g. by performing the operation within a database with a dedicated SQL call. A default implementation is available for every filter function and thus a method needs only to be implemented if the data storage/representation within a backend would allow a more efficient operation.

All filter methods are expected to return the subset backend (i.e. an instance of the same backend class with the same, or less spectra).

The `filterDataOrigin()` should subset the backend to spectra with their `dataOrigin` spectra variable matching the values provided with the `dataOrigin` parameter. The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterDataOrigin", "MsBackend",
              function(object, dataOrigin = character()) {
                  if (length(dataOrigin)) {
                      object <- object[dataOrigin(object) %in% dataOrigin]
                      if (is.unsorted(dataOrigin))
                          object[order(match(dataOrigin(object), dataOrigin))]
                      else object
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.49 `filterDataStorage()`

Similar to the `filterDataOrigin()`, the `filterDataStorage()` should subset a backend to spectra with their `dataStorage` spectra variable matching the values provided with the `dataStorage` parameter.

    setMethod("filterDataStorage", "MsBackend",
              function(object, dataStorage = character()) {
                  if (length(dataStorage)) {
                      object <- object[dataStorage(object) %in% dataStorage]
                      if (is.unsorted(dataStorage))
                          object[order(match(dataStorage(object), dataStorage))]
                      else object
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.50 `filterEmptySpectra()`

The `filterEmptySpectra()` should remove all empty spectra (i.e. spectra without any mass peaks) from the backend. The method is expected to return the subset backend. The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterEmptySpectra", "MsBackend", function(object, ...) {
        if (!length(object)) return(object)
        object[as.logical(lengths(object))]
    })

### 3.3.51 `filterIsolationWindow()`

The `filterIsolationWindow()` filters the backend to spectra with the provided `mz` value being within their `isolationWindowLowerMz()` and `isolationWindowUpperMz()`. The parameter `mz` defining this target m/z is expected to be a `numeric` of length 1. The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterIsolationWindow", "MsBackend",
              function(object, mz = numeric(), ...) {
                  if (length(mz)) {
                      if (length(mz) > 1)
                          stop("'mz' is expected to be a single m/z value")
                      keep <- which(isolationWindowLowerMz(object) <= mz &
                                    isolationWindowUpperMz(object) >= mz)
                      object[keep]
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.52 `filterMsLevel()`

The `filterMsLevel()` method is expected to reduce the backend to spectra with the provided MS level(s). Parameter `msLevel` has to be an `integer` (any length). The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterMsLevel", "MsBackend",
              function(object, msLevel = integer()) {
                  if (length(msLevel)) {
                      object[msLevel(object) %in% msLevel]
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.53 `filterPolarity()`

The `filterPolarity()` method is expected to subset the backend to spectra matching the provided polarity (or polarities). Parameter `polarity` has to be an `integer` (of any length). The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterPolarity", "MsBackend",
              function(object, polarity = integer()) {
                  if (length(polarity))
                      object[polarity(object) %in% polarity]
                  else object
              })

### 3.3.54 `filterPrecursorMzRange()`

The `filterPrecursorMzRange()` method filters the backend to spectra with their `precursorMz` being between the provided m/z range (parameter `mz`). This method was previously named `filterPrecursorMz()`. Parameter `mz` is expected to be a `numeric` of length 2 defining the lower and upper limit of this precursor m/z range. The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    library(MsCoreUtils)

    ##
    ## Attaching package: 'MsCoreUtils'

    ## The following object is masked from 'package:IRanges':
    ##
    ##     reduce

    ## The following objects are masked from 'package:Spectra':
    ##
    ##     bin, entropy, smooth

    ## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
    ##
    ##     smooth

    setMethod("filterPrecursorMzRange", "MsBackend",
              function(object, mz = numeric()) {
                  if (length(mz)) {
                      mz <- range(mz)
                      keep <- which(between(precursorMz(object), mz))
                      object[keep]
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.55 `filterPrecursorMzValues()`

The `filterPrecursorMzValues()` method filters the backend to spectra with their m/z values matching to the provided m/z value(s). Parameters `ppm` and `tolerance` (both expected to be `numeric` of length 1) allow to define the conditions for the relaxed matching. Parameter `mz` has to be a `numeric` (of any length). The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterPrecursorMzValues", "MsBackend",
              function(object, mz = numeric(), ppm = 20, tolerance = 0) {
                  if (length(mz)) {
                      object[.values_match_mz(precursorMz(object), mz = mz,
                                              ppm = ppm, tolerance = tolerance)]
                  } else object
              })

The `.values_match_mz` function used by this function is defined as:

    .values_match_mz <- function(x, mz, ppm = 20, tolerance = 0) {
        o <- order(x, na.last = NA)
        cmn <- common(x[o], sort(mz), tolerance = tolerance, ppm = ppm,
                      duplicates = "keep", .check = FALSE)
        sort(o[cmn])
    }

### 3.3.56 `filterPrecursorCharge()`

The `filterPrecursorCharge()` method filters the backend to spectra with matching precursor charge. Parameter `z` defining the requested precursor charge has to be an `integer` (of any length). The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterPrecursorCharge", "MsBackend",
              function(object, z = integer()) {
                  if (length(z)) {
                      keep <- which(precursorCharge(object) %in% z)
                      object[keep]
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.57 `filterPrecursorScan()`

The `filterPrecursorScan()` method filters the backend to parent (e.g. MS1) and children scans (e.g. MS2) of acquisition number `acquisitionNum`. Parameter `f` defines how the backend should be split (by default by original data file) to avoid selecting spectra from different samples/files. The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterPrecursorScan", "MsBackend",
              function(object, acquisitionNum = integer(), f = dataOrigin(object)) {
                  if (length(acquisitionNum) && length(f)) {
                      if (!is.factor(f))
                          f <- factor(f, exclude = character())
                      keep <- unsplit(lapply(split(object, f = f), function(z, an) {
                          .filterSpectraHierarchy(acquisitionNum(z),
                                                  precScanNum(z),
                                                  an)
                      }, an = acquisitionNum), f = f)
                      object[keep]
                  } else object
              })

### 3.3.58 `filterRt()`

The `filterRt()` method filters the backend to spectra with their retention time being between the provided rt range. Parameter `rt` is expected to be a `numeric` of length 2 defining the lower and upper bound of this range. Parameter `msLevel.` (note the `.` in the name of the parameter!) can be optionally used to restrict the filtering to the selected MS levels (i.e. the RT filter is only applied to spectra of the selected MS levels and all spectra with a different MS level are returned as well). The default implementation for `MsBackend` is shown below.

    setMethod("filterRt", "MsBackend",
              function(object, rt = numeric(), msLevel. = integer()) {
                  if (length(rt)) {
                      rt <- range(rt)
                      sel_ms <- msLevel(object) %in% msLevel.
                      sel_rt <- between(rtime(object), rt) & sel_ms
                      object[sel_rt | !sel_ms]
                  } else object
              })

## 3.4 Implementation notes

In this tutorial we implemented a simple in-memory `MsBackend` from scratch. For many real-life situation it might however be better to extend some of the pre-defined backend classes from the `Spectra` package to avoid duplicating functionality. A good starting point might be the `MsBackendMemory` backend for any in-memory data representation, or the `MsBackendCached` for backends that retrieve data from inherently read-only resources (such as database connection or raw data files) but still would need to support adding spectra variables or changing values of spectra variables. Similarly, if the only purpose of a backend is to import or export data in a specific format, the `MsBackendMemory` might be extended and a single method (`backendInitialize()`) would need to be implemented for the new class: this new `backendInitialize()` would then call the code to import the data from the new file format and store it within the available slots of the `MsBackendMemory` object. Examples would be the backends provided by the MsBackendMgf and MsBackendMsp classes.

# 4 Testing the validity of the backend

The `Spectra` package provides a set of unit tests that allow to check a backend for compliance with `MsBackend`. Below we load this test suite and call the tests. The tests will be performed on a variable `be` in the current workspace (which in our case is an instance of our `MsBackendTest` class).

    library(testthat)
    test_suite <- system.file("test_backends", "test_MsBackend",
                              package = "Spectra")
    test_dir(test_suite, stop_on_failure = TRUE)

# 5 Session information

    sessionInfo()

    ## R Under development (unstable) (2025-11-04 r88984)
    ## Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20
    ## Running under: macOS Ventura 13.7.8
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ## BLAS:   /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib
    ## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.6-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.12.1
    ##
    ## locale:
    ## [1] C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
    ##
    ## time zone: America/New_York
    ## tzcode source: internal
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] stats4    stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods
    ## [8] base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ## [1] MsCoreUtils_1.23.1  IRanges_2.45.0      Spectra_1.21.0
    ## [4] BiocParallel_1.45.0 S4Vectors_0.49.0    BiocGenerics_0.57.0
    ## [7] generics_0.1.4      BiocStyle_2.39.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##  [1] cli_3.6.5              knitr_1.50             rlang_1.1.6
    ##  [4] xfun_0.54              ProtGenerics_1.43.0    clue_0.3-66
    ##  [7] jsonlite_2.0.0         htmltools_0.5.8.1      sass_0.4.10
    ## [10] rmarkdown_2.30         evaluate_1.0.5         jquerylib_0.1.4
    ## [13] MASS_7.3-65            fastmap_1.2.0          yaml_2.3.10
    ## [16] lifecycle_1.0.4        bookdown_0.45          BiocManager_1.30.27
    ## [19] cluster_2.1.8.1        compiler_4.6.0         codetools_0.2-20
    ## [22] fs_1.6.6               MetaboCoreUtils_1.19.1 digest_0.6.39
    ## [25] R6_2.6.1               parallel_4.6.0         bslib_0.9.0
    ## [28] tools_4.6.0            cachem_1.1.0

# References

Gatto, Laurent, Sebastian Gibb, and Johannes Rainer. 2020. “MSnbase, Efficient and Elegant R-Based Processing and Visualization of Raw Mass Spectrometry Data.” Journal of Proteome Research, September. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00313.