This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.2 from libc.texinfo.

INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU libraries
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Libc: (libc).                 C library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the GNU C library.

   This is Edition 0.10, last updated 2001-07-06, of `The GNU C Library
Reference Manual', for Version 2.3.x.

   Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and
"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being (a)
(see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below).  A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

   (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

   A GNU Manual

   (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

   You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.


File: libc.info,  Node: Contributors,  Next: Free Manuals,  Prev: Maintenance,  Up: Top

Contributors to the GNU C Library
*********************************

   The GNU C library was written originally by Roland McGrath, and is
currently maintained by Ulrich Drepper.  Some parts of the library were
contributed or worked on by other people.

   * The `getopt' function and related code was written by Richard
     Stallman, David J. MacKenzie, and Roland McGrath.

   * The merge sort function `qsort' was written by Michael J. Haertel.

   * The quick sort function used as a fallback by `qsort' was written
     by Douglas C. Schmidt.

   * The memory allocation functions `malloc', `realloc' and `free' and
     related code were written by Michael J. Haertel, Wolfram Gloger,
     and Doug Lea.

   * Fast implementations of many of the string functions (`memcpy',
     `strlen', etc.) were written by Torbjo"rn Granlund.

   * The `tar.h' header file was written by David J. MacKenzie.

   * The port to the MIPS DECStation running Ultrix 4
     (`mips-dec-ultrix4') was contributed by Brendan Kehoe and Ian
     Lance Taylor.

   * The DES encryption function `crypt' and related functions were
     contributed by Michael Glad.

   * The `ftw' and `nftw' functions were contributed by Ulrich Drepper.

   * The startup code to support SunOS shared libraries was contributed
     by Tom Quinn.

   * The `mktime' function was contributed by Paul Eggert.

   * The port to the Sequent Symmetry running Dynix version 3
     (`i386-sequent-bsd') was contributed by Jason Merrill.

   * The timezone support code is derived from the public-domain
     timezone package by Arthur David Olson and his many contributors.

   * The port to the DEC Alpha running OSF/1 (`alpha-dec-osf1') was
     contributed by Brendan Kehoe, using some code written by Roland
     McGrath.

   * The port to SGI machines running Irix 4 (`mips-sgi-irix4') was
     contributed by Tom Quinn.

   * The port of the Mach and Hurd code to the MIPS architecture
     (`mips-ANYTHING-gnu') was contributed by Kazumoto Kojima.

   * The floating-point printing function used by `printf' and friends
     and the floating-point reading function used by `scanf', `strtod'
     and friends were written by Ulrich Drepper.  The multi-precision
     integer functions used in those functions are taken from GNU MP,
     which was contributed by Torbjo"rn Granlund.

   * The internationalization support in the library, and the support
     programs `locale' and `localedef', were written by Ulrich Drepper.
     Ulrich Drepper adapted the support code for message catalogs
     (`libintl.h', etc.) from the GNU `gettext' package, which he also
     wrote.  He also contributed the `catgets' support and the entire
     suite of multi-byte and wide-character support functions
     (`wctype.h', `wchar.h', etc.).

   * The implementations of the `nsswitch.conf' mechanism and the files
     and DNS backends for it were designed and written by Ulrich
     Drepper and Roland McGrath, based on a backend interface defined
     by Peter Eriksson.

   * The port to Linux i386/ELF (`i386-ANYTHING-linux') was contributed
     by Ulrich Drepper, based in large part on work done in Hongjiu
     Lu's Linux version of the GNU C Library.

   * The port to Linux/m68k (`m68k-ANYTHING-linux') was contributed by
     Andreas Schwab.

   * The ports to Linux/ARM (`arm-ANYTHING-linuxaout') and ARM
     standalone (`arm-ANYTHING-none'), as well as parts of the IPv6
     support code, were contributed by Philip Blundell.

   * Richard Henderson contributed the ELF dynamic linking code and
     other support for the Alpha processor.

   * David Mosberger-Tang contributed the port to Linux/Alpha
     (`alpha-ANYTHING-linux').

   * The port to Linux on PowerPC (`powerpc-ANYTHING-linux') was
     contributed by Geoffrey Keating.

   * Miles Bader wrote the argp argument-parsing package, and the
     argz/envz interfaces.

   * Stephen R. van den Berg contributed a highly-optimized `strstr'
     function.

   * Ulrich Drepper contributed the `hsearch' and `drand48' families of
     functions; reentrant `...`_r'' versions of the `random' family;
     System V shared memory and IPC support code; and several
     highly-optimized string functions for iX86 processors.

   * The math functions are taken from `fdlibm-5.1' by Sun
     Microsystems, as modified by J.T. Conklin, Ian Lance Taylor,
     Ulrich Drepper, Andreas Schwab, and Roland McGrath.

   * The `libio' library used to implement `stdio' functions on some
     platforms was written by Per Bothner and modified by Ulrich
     Drepper.

   * Eric Youngdale and Ulrich Drepper implemented versioning of
     objects on the symbol level.

   * Thorsten Kukuk provided an implementation for NIS (YP) and NIS+,
     securelevel 0, 1 and 2.

   * Andreas Jaeger provided a test suite for the math library.

   * Mark Kettenis implemented the utmpx interface and an utmp daemon.

   * Ulrich Drepper added character conversion functions (`iconv').

   * Thorsten Kukuk provided an implementation for a caching daemon for
     NSS (nscd).

   * Tim Waugh provided an implementation of the POSIX.2 wordexp
     function family.

   * Mark Kettenis provided a Hesiod NSS module.

   * The Internet-related code (most of the `inet' subdirectory) and
     several other miscellaneous functions and header files have been
     included from 4.4 BSD with little or no modification.  The copying
     permission notice for this code can be found in the file `LICENSES'
     in the source distribution.

   * The random number generation functions `random', `srandom',
     `setstate' and `initstate', which are also the basis for the
     `rand' and `srand' functions, were written by Earl T. Cohen for
     the University of California at Berkeley and are copyrighted by the
     Regents of the University of California.  They have undergone minor
     changes to fit into the GNU C library and to fit the ISO C
     standard, but the functional code is Berkeley's.

   * The DNS resolver code is taken directly from BIND 4.9.5, which
     includes copyrighted code from UC Berkeley and from Digital
     Equipment Corporation.  See the file `LICENSES' for the text of
     the DEC license.

   * The code to support Sun RPC is taken verbatim from Sun's
     RPCSRC-4.0 distribution; see the file `LICENSES' for the text of
     the license.

   * Some of the support code for Mach is taken from Mach 3.0 by CMU;
     the file if_ppp.h is also copyright by CMU, but under a different
     license; see the file `LICENSES' for the text of the licenses.

   * Many of the IA64 math functions are taken from a collection of
     "Highly Optimized Mathematical Functions for Itanium" that Intel
     makes available under a free license; see the file `LICENSES' for
     details.

   * The `getaddrinfo' and `getnameinfo' functions and supporting code
     were written by Craig Metz; see the file `LICENSES' for details on
     their licensing.

   * Many of the IEEE 64-bit double precision math functions (in the
     `sysdeps/ieee754/dbl-64' subdirectory) come from the IBM Accurate
     Mathematical Library, contributed by IBM.



File: libc.info,  Node: Free Manuals,  Next: Copying,  Prev: Contributors,  Up: Top

Free Software Needs Free Documentation
**************************************

   The biggest deficiency in the free software community today is not in
the software--it is the lack of good free documentation that we can
include with the free software.  Many of our most important programs do
not come with free reference manuals and free introductory texts.
Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an
important free software package does not come with a free manual and a
free tutorial, that is a major gap.  We have many such gaps today.

   Consider Perl, for instance.  The tutorial manuals that people
normally use are non-free.  How did this come about?  Because the
authors of those manuals published them with restrictive terms--no
copying, no modification, source files not available--which exclude
them from the free software world.

   That wasn't the first time this sort of thing happened, and it was
far from the last.  Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly
describe a manual that he is writing, his intended contribution to the
community, only to learn that he had ruined everything by signing a
publication contract to make it non-free.

   Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
price.  The problem with the non-free manual is not that publishers
charge a price for printed copies--that in itself is fine.  (The Free
Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.)  The problem
is the restrictions on the use of the manual.  Free manuals are
available in source code form, and give you permission to copy and
modify.  Non-free manuals do not allow this.

   The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for
free software.  Redistribution (including the normal kinds of
commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so that the manual can
accompany every copy of the program, both on-line and on paper.

   Permission for modification of the technical content is crucial too.
When people modify the software, adding or changing features, if they
are conscientious they will change the manual too--so they can provide
accurate and clear documentation for the modified program.  A manual
that leaves you no choice but to write a new manual to document a
changed version of the program is not really available to our community.

   Some kinds of limits on the way modification is handled are
acceptable.  For example, requirements to preserve the original
author's copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of
authors, are ok.  It is also no problem to require modified versions to
include notice that they were modified.  Even entire sections that may
not be deleted or changed are acceptable, as long as they deal with
nontechnical topics (like this one).  These kinds of restrictions are
acceptable because they don't obstruct the community's normal use of
the manual.

   However, it must be possible to modify all the _technical_ content
of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
through all the usual channels.  Otherwise, the restrictions obstruct
the use of the manual, it is not free, and we need another manual to
replace it.

   Please spread the word about this issue.  Our community continues to
lose manuals to proprietary publishing.  If we spread the word that
free software needs free reference manuals and free tutorials, perhaps
the next person who wants to contribute by writing documentation will
realize, before it is too late, that only free manuals contribute to
the free software community.

   If you are writing documentation, please insist on publishing it
under the GNU Free Documentation License or another free documentation
license.  Remember that this decision requires your approval--you don't
have to let the publisher decide.  Some commercial publishers will use
a free license if you insist, but they will not propose the option; it
is up to you to raise the issue and say firmly that this is what you
want.  If the publisher you are dealing with refuses, please try other
publishers.  If you're not sure whether a proposed license is free,
write to <licensing@gnu.org>.

   You can encourage commercial publishers to sell more free, copylefted
manuals and tutorials by buying them, and particularly by buying copies
from the publishers that paid for their writing or for major
improvements.  Meanwhile, try to avoid buying non-free documentation at
all.  Check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and
insist that whoever seeks your business must respect your freedom.
Check the history of the book, and try reward the publishers that have
paid or pay the authors to work on it.

   The Free Software Foundation maintains a list of free documentation
published by other publishers, at
<http://www.fsf.org/doc/other-free-books.html>.


File: libc.info,  Node: Copying,  Next: Documentation License,  Prev: Free Manuals,  Up: Top

GNU Lesser General Public License
*********************************

                      Version 2.1, February 1999
     Copyright (C) 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place -- Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
     
     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
     
     [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL.  It also counts
     as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
     version number 2.1.]

Preamble
--------

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     or distribute the Library or its derivative works.  These actions
     are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
     Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Library (or any work
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     License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
     distributing or modifying the Library or works based on it.

 10. Each time you redistribute the Library (or any work based on the
     Library), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
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     Library subject to these terms and conditions.  You may not impose
     any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
     granted herein.  You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
     by third parties with this License.

 11. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
     infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
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     License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
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     If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
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     in other circumstances.

     It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
     patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
     any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
     the integrity of the free software distribution system which is
     implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
     generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
     through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
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     licensee cannot impose that choice.

     This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
     to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

 12. If the distribution and/or use of the Library is restricted in
     certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
     the original copyright holder who places the Library under this
     License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
     excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
     in or among countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this
     License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
     this License.

 13. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
     versions of the Lesser General Public License from time to time.
     Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version,
     but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

     Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
     Library specifies a version number of this License which applies
     to it and "any later version", you have the option of following
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     does not specify a license version number, you may choose any
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 14. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into other free
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     write to the author to ask for permission.  For software which is
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                                NO WARRANTY

 15. BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
     WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
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     LIBRARY PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
     SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

 16. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
     WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
     MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
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                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
----------------------------------------------

   If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, we recommend making it free software that
everyone can redistribute and change.  You can do so by permitting
redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of
the ordinary General Public License).

   To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library.
It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most
effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have
at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is
found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE LIBRARY'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) YEAR  NAME OF AUTHOR
     
     This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
     under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
     your option) any later version.
     
     This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
     WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
     Lesser General Public License for more details.
     
     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
     License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
     Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
     USA.

   Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the library,
if necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

     Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the library
     `Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker.
     
     SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1990
     Ty Coon, President of Vice

   That's all there is to it!

